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Transcript
Requirements of life
“ It takes a membrane to make sense out of disorder in
biology….To stay alive, you have to be able to hold out against
equilibrium, maintain imbalance, bank against entropy, and you
can only transact this business with membranes in our kind of
world.”
Lewis Thomas, The Lives of a Cell
Maintenance of internal environment
Cell wall
Mechanical stability
Plasma membrane
Chemical stability
Metabolism
Enzymes
Multi-cellular organisms
Organs
Eukaryotic cells
Organelles
Prokaryotic cells
Plasma membrane
Interactions with (sensing of) external environment
Membrane and cytoplasmic proteins
2 component regulatory systems
Reproduction and inheritance of traits
Chromosome (nucleoid)
Reproduction and inheritance of traits
Chromosome (nucleoid)
Motility
Flagella
Motility
Flagella
Motility
Flagella
Some types of pili/fimbriae
Capsules and slime layers
Both are commonly made of polysaccharides
Some can be made of amino acids (B. anthracis)
Always contain a great deal of water
Capsules
Layer that is well organized and not easily washed off
Protects cells from phagocytosis, desiccation and toxic
substances
Slime layer
More loosely attached to the cell
surface than a capsule
Contributes to the formation of
biofilms
Biofilms
Consist of layers of cells
associated with each other
through the external slime layer
Biofilms
Can protect cell from
environment
Can allow for attachment and
colonization of surfaces
Capsules and slime layers
Production of components are tightly controlled by complex
regulatory pathways
S-layers
Crystalline-like structure external
to the cell wall
S-layers
Crystalline-like structure external
to the cell wall
Usually composed of protein
subunits
S-layers
Adhere to the outer membrane of
gram negatives and
peptidoglycan of gram positives
S-layers
Serve to protect cells from the
environment and maintain cell
shape
Very important in archaea lacking
cell walls
S-layers
Cell walls
Give cells shape
Cell walls
Give cells shape
Cell walls
Give cells shape
Cell walls
Give cells shape
Protect cells from osmotic lysis
Cell walls
Give cells shape
Protect cells from osmotic lysis
May contain toxic compounds (e.g. LPS)
May protect cells from toxic substances
Cell walls
Most bacterial cell walls contain peptidoglycan
Archaeal cell walls lack peptidoglycan
Some Archaea contain pseudomurein
Some Archaea substitute S-layers for peptidoglycan
Cell walls
Cell walls