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Cell Wall Endoplasmic Reticulum Ribosomes Cytoplasm Chromosomes Nucleus Mitochondria Cell Division: 1) Mitosis-ordinary cell division 2) Meiosis-gamete cell division Mitosis: Ordinary cell division Mitosis: I. Chromosomes are expanded into long structures in the nucleus and are invisible under the light microscope. Mitosis: II. Chromosomes replicate and condense. With appropriate staining, they can now be seen under a microscope. Mitosis: III. The nuclear wall degrades, spindles form and attach themselves to the chromosomes. Mitosis: IV. Spindles pull the chromosome pairs apart, pulling them to opposite poles of the cell. Mitosis: V. Nucleus develops around each set of chromosomes and the cell wall starts to form, splitting the cell. Mitosis: VI. Nucleus and cell wall complete development and chromosomes expand, giving two daughter cells. Meiosis: Cell Division Generating Gametes Meiosis: I. As in mitosis, chromosomes replicate and condense. Meiosis: II. Unlike mitosis, the maternal (solid) and paternal (dotted) chromosomes pair up and exchange genetic material. Meiosis: III. Spindles form, attach themselves and pull the chromosomes to the poles of the cell. Meiosis: IV. The cell divides. Meiosis: V. Spindles form again and pull each chromosome away from its partner. Meiosis: VI. Each cell divides again, reducing the number of chromosomes to half that of the original cell. Cell Workings: Metabolism & Catabolism Key Concepts: 1) Lock & Key 2) Cut or Paste 1. Substrate and enzyme substrate 2. bind together, forming a substrate-enzyme complex. enzyme 3. A chemical reaction occurs, 4. leaving a product when the enzyme dissociates. product Tyrosine tyrosine hydroxylase DOPA (dihydroxyphenylalanine) DOPA decarboxylase DA (dopamine) dopamine b hydroxylase NE (norepinepherine) Cell Communication: Key Concepts: 1) Lock (Receptor) & Key (Hormones, Neurotransmitters) 2) Turn on or turn off The Neuron Terminal Dendrites Cell Body Axon Nucleus Buttons Glial Cell Neurons © DennisKunkel: www.DennisKunkel.com Synaptic Button Vesicle Neurotransmitter molecules Receptor Vesicle 1. Neuron fires. 2. Vesicles release neurotransmitter which exits the cell. Neurotransmitter 3. Neurotransmitter binds with receptor initiating a cascade of chemical events in the next cell. Presynaptic Neuron Enzyme Presynaptic Receptor 4. Excess neurotransmitter chewed up by enzymes and/or taken back by the neuron where it may also be degraded Enzyme by enzymes. Postsynaptic Receptor Postsynaptic Neuron http://www.drugabuse.gov/pubs/teaching/teaching4/largegifs/slide10.gif http://www.driesen.com/neurotransmitter_processes.jpg Effects of neurotransmission: 1) Short term = ion transfer (changes polarity of postsynaptic neuron) 2) Long term = second messenger system (changes proteins, turns genes on/off) Ions Neurotransmitter Receptor Enzyme Activating Ion Channel Ion Channel Ions Neurotransmitter Receptor Scaffolding Molecule Ion Channel Second Messenger Molecule Signal to Cell