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Transcript
Organic Compounds F. Skinner Oct. 2007 Organic Macromolecules • Organic chemistry: the study of compounds containing carbon atoms http://csi.chemie.tu-darmstadt.de/ak/immel/tutorials/structures/index.jpg I. The Chemistry of Carbon & Life A. Carbon: 4 valence electrons to form covalent bonds B. Bonds with: H, O, P, S, N, & other carbons C. Bonds may be single, double, triple covalent bonds shaped in rings or chains D. Carbon has great versatility (flexibility) http://www.voyagesolarsystem.org/images/DC/image_pow-mod_5zm.jpg II. Macromolecules A. Macromolecules: large molecules made from smaller ones 1. Formed by polymerization (large built by small) B. Monomers join to form polymers C. 4 groups of organic compounds: carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, & proteins III. Carbohydrates A. B. C. D. Carbohydrates: made of C, H, O in a ratio of 1:2:1 Used as a source of energy & structural purposes Starch polymers are sugar molecules Simple sugars are called monosaccharides (mono means one, saccharide means sugar) 1. Glucose: blood sugar 2. Galactose: milk sugar 3. Fructose: fruit sugar 4. Isomers: have the same empirical formula C6H12O6, but different structural formulas III. Carbohydrates http://www.medbio.info/images/Time%201-2/Fig%209%20monosakkarider%203D.jpg III. Carbohydrates E. Two monosaccharides form a disaccharide (di means 2 and saccharide means sugar) 1. Sucrose (table sugar): fructose + glucose 2. Lactose (milk sugar): galactose + glucose 3. Maltose (malt sugar): glucose + glucose http://oregonstate.edu/instruction/bb450/stryer/ch11/Slide39.jpg III. Carbohydrates F. Polysaccharides: formed from many monosaccharides and called starches 1. Animals store polysaccharides in a form called glycogen (animal starch) which are stored in the liver and muscles and help supply energy for movement 2. Plants store starch as cellulose which gives them strength and rigidity. It is also not digestible by animals (fiber). IV. Lipids A. Lipids are not soluble in water and are made mostly of C and H. B. Lipids store energy and are important in membranes and waterproof coverings. C. Composed of fatty acids (monomers) & glycerol 1. Carboxyl head is hydrophilic (loves water) 2. Hydrocarbon tail is hydrophobic (fears water) D. Single bonded lipids are saturated, double bonded lipids are unsaturated, & multiple double bonds are polyunsaturated IV. Lipids F. Types of Lipids 1. Triglycerides: 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol a. oils: liquid at room temp., unsaturated, come from plants (olive oil, veggie oil) b. fats: solid at room temp., & come from animals (lard) 2. Wax: long, fatty acid and long alcohol group (ear wax clears the ear canal) 3. Steroids: composed of 4 carbon chains and act as hormones and chemical messengers V. Nucleic Acids A. Nucleic acids: store and transmit hereditary or genetic information B. Formed by nucleotide monomers, 5 carbon sugar, phosphate group and nitrogen base C. DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid D. RNA: ribonucleic acid VI. Proteins A. Proteins: composed of N, C, H, O B. Polymers called amino acids 1. Amine (NH2) on one end, carboxyl (COOH) on the other end, and H and R groups a. portion that differs: R-group 2. More than 20 different amino acids in nature 3. Sequence of amino acids determines the protein C. 2 amino acids joined by a peptide bond forms a dipeptide. A long chain is called a polypeptide. D. Proteins help control the rate of reactions, form bones, transport substances, fight diseases E. Proteins can have up to 4 levels of organization VII. Enzymes A. Enzymes: proteins that act as biological catalysts 1. Catalyst: substance that speeds up the rate of a reaction a. lowers the activation energy (energy needed to start the reaction) B. Enzymes work on specific substances called substrates C. Enzymes are very specific, name is usually derived from the reaction it catalyzes (Ex: carbonic anhydrase and alcohol dehydrogenase) Enzyme Specific http://universe-review.ca/I11-05-emzyme.jpg Enzyme Reaction Effects http://www.scienceclarified.com/images/uesc_05_img0234.jpg