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Mutations Notes Mutations: o Mutations are _______________________ in the DNA code, which means changes in a gene(s). o In gene mutations, the DNA code will have one or more bases _____________________ ______________________________________________________ in a codon. How common are mutations? o ______ in every 1 billion base pairs o ______ in each cell in your body How do mutations affect a population? o Mutations may be ______________________________________________________. o Mutations may be ______________________________________________________. o Mutations may have ______________________________________________________. o Mutations are a major source of _______________________________________ and increase biodiversity. o Some variations may help populations to survive better. How are mutations inherited? o Only mutations that occur in ______________________________ are passed onto offspring. o Mutations in ____________________________ only affect the organism in which they occur and are ____________________________________________________________. Types of Mutations: o __________________________________________________ occur when the base sequence of a codon or codons is/are changed o __________________________________________________ changes in the number or structure of chromosomes. Types of Point Mutations: o ________________________________________ o ________________________________________ o ________________________________________ Also known as Frameshift mutations Substitution mutation – One base is changed for another o This may or may not change the amino acid coded for by the codon o Practice: o ________________________________________________________________________ THE CAT ATE THE RAT Insertion mutations - a base is _____________ to the codon sequence o This causes the codon ________________ to shift so we can continue to read the bases in groups of 3 o This __________________ affects the amino acids in the sequence – from the point of the mutation forward. o Most damaging when it occurs at the ________________________ of the gene sequence. o Practice: o ________________________________________________________________________ THE CAT ATE THE RAT Deletion mutations – a base is __________________ from the sequence o Again, this causes a frame shift in the codons, affecting every amino acid from the point of the mutation forward. o Practice: o ________________________________________________________________________ THE CAT ATE THE RAT __________________________ have the least effect on an organism because only one amino acid may be changed, or it may cause no change at all. ____________________________ and _________________________________ mutations have the most effect on an organism o Insertion and Deletion mutations affect many amino acids in the sequence, which will affect the entire ________________________________________________________. When do mutations have the greatest effect on an organism? What causes mutations? o _________________________________________________________ o _________________________________________________________ What is a mutagen? Chromosomal mutations: o Deletions – o Duplication- o Inversion – o Translocation – o Nondisjunction -