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Transcript
MUTATIONS No this can’t happen with just mutations Mutations are: • Changes in the DNA code • Mutations that affect your body cells can generate changes in your body – things as serious as cancer, or as simple as moles. • Mutations that affect your sex cells can be passed on to your offspring. • Mutations can happen naturally, but things called mutagens (like UV radiation) can make it happen more frequently. Types of Mutations • Chromosomal – Large scale addition, deletion, or change of a gene or many genes • Point – An addition, deletion, or substitution of one (1) base in a gene. Types of Point Mutations Missense Mutation • Substitution of a base that changes an amino acid. • THE CAT ATE THE RAT • THE CAR ATE THE RAT – Real life Example: Tay-Sachs Disease Nonsense Mutation • Substitution of a base that changes a codon to a STOP codon. – Examples: UAC (codes for Tyr) UAG (a stop codon) Frameshift Mutation • Addition or deletion of a base that causes the reading frame to shift. • Example – THE CAT ATE THE RAT – (delete the “T” in CAT), shift the frame – THE CAA TET HER AT Effects of Mutations • Silent Mutations: Substitution of a base that does NOT change the amino acid – Caused by CODE DEGENERACY: the fact that most amino acids are coded for by more than one codon. • Change of function or Loss of Function Mutations: will create a new trait.