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Name Lesson 4.1: What Is a Cell? Goals: Date Period Identify what a cell is List the types of molecules found in a cell Explain how cells were discovered Define the cell theory Introduction A cell is the smallest unit of life Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids organize themselves into different structures that make up the cell Major Functions of Cells Functions of cells o Break down food we eat o Produce energy from the food we eat o Use the oxygen we take in o Reproduce to make more cells o Store DNA, the instructions for life Macromolecules in cells o Carbohydrates are used for energy in the form of ATP, communicating with other cells, storing energy and supporting structures in the cell ATP – adenosine triphosphate – a molecule in all living cells that acts as fuel o Lipids are used for storing energy, membrane construction (making cell membranes), making hormones Hormones – chemical signals the body used to control body function o Proteins are used for helping keep the structure of a cell steady, communicating with other proteins, controlling what goes in and out of the cell, and acting as enzymes o Nucleic acids are used for storing genetic information (DNA) and helping to make proteins (RNA) Microscopes and Cells Microscope – an instrument used to magnify things o 2 Types Light microscopes – use natural light to magnify things Electron microscopes – use a beam of electrons to magnify objects After the microscope was invented, scientists could see cells and make observations o Robert Hooke – look at cork cells and called what he saw “cells” o Anton von Leeuwenhoek – the first person to see living cells under the microscope o Matthias Schleiden – showed all plants are made of cells o Theodor Schwann – showed all animals are made of cells o Rudolf Virchow – discovered that cells can only come from other cells The Cell Theory The discoveries made by scientists helped to form the cell theory There are 3 parts to the cell theory: o All living things are made of cells. All cells have some structures in common, such as DNA. o Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things. o Cells only come from already present cells. PAGE 108 #1-6 1. __________ 2. ________________________ 3. ________________________ 4. _______ 5. _______ 6. _______ Name Date Lesson 4.2: Cellular Structure and Function Period Goals: Relate a cell’s structure to its function Define homeostasis Predict the direction of diffusion Identify the three different kinds of osmotic environments Intro Cell structure o Determines the cell’s function o Determines what activities the cell can perform Molecules in a cell do different activities o Cells produce certain molecules when they need to do different activities o If a cell can’t produce certain molecules then it will not be able to perform the activities Cells use basic functions to stay alive o Cells want to maintain a balance with their surrounding environment o Homeostasis – the ability of organisms to maintain their internal conditions o Cells may move materials into or out of the cell to keep a balance Transport – to move molecules from one side of a membrane to the other o Molecules are constantly in motion When molecules group together they are concentrated Concentration – a measurement of the amount of dissolved substance in a fixed amount of solvent HIGH concentration – means having MANY molecules in an area LOW concentration – means having FEW molecules in an area Molecules will naturally move to an area where they have more space – from an area where there is a HIGH concentration to an area where there is a LOW concentration Diffusion – the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration Example – sugar dissolving in a beaker Cells use diffusion to control the concentrations of their molecules A cell’s membrane is the main barrier that separates a cell from its environment Selectively permeable – a membrane that allows some molecules to pass but blocks other molecules from coming through Sometimes the concentration of molecules is different on either side of the cell’s membrane Concentration gradient – forms when different concentrations of a molecule are on either side of the membrane Osmosis: A Special Type of Diffusion Water is the main solvent for most chemicals in an organism’s body Cells can change the concentration of molecules by changing the concentration of water molecules by performing osmosis o Osmosis – the movement of water through a cell membrane There are three different environments that explain the movement of water molecules o Hypotonic - has a solute concentration that is lower than the inside of the cell Hypo = “lower” Tonic = “solute molecules” Water will move into the cell causing it to get bigger and possibly burst o Hypertonic - has a solute concentration that is higher than the inside of the cell Hyper = “higher” Water will move out of the cell causing it to get smaller and shrink o Isotonic - has a solute concentration that is equal on both sides of the cell Iso = “same” The cell is at equilibrium Equilibrium – a state where concentrations are equal in all parts of an area Page 115 #1-3 1. _______________________ 2. _______________________ 3. _______________________ Name Lesson 4.3: What Kind of Cell Is It? Date Period Goals: Identify the two major categories of cells Compare the major structural differences between cells Describe the kinds of organisms that cells make Intro Cells can be grouped by their structure or function Prokaryotic Cells Prokaryote – a cell with only one outside membrane and no nucleus or other internal structures o Simplest organisms o Commonly called bacteria o Have only one membrane o Everything (DNA, molecules) free floats inside the cell o Does NOT have a nucleus There are both good and bad bacteria o Good bacteria: Help us live Help us break down food and use chemicals Help make different kinds of food (bread, cheese, and yogurt) Bacteria come in three different shapes o Rods o Spirals o Spheres Prokaryotes can be found in all types of environments Grow and reproduce quickly o To reproduce they simply make a copy of their DNA and then divide by a process called binary fission o Binary fission – reproduction in which a bacterial cell divides into two cells that look the same as the original cell Eukaryotic Cells Eukaryote – a cell with several internal structures, including the nucleus, that are surrounded by membranes o Complex cells o Have more structures compared to prokaryotes o Have a nucleus Nucleus controls growth and reproduction Nucleus is the information and control center of the cell Nucleus holds the cell’s DNA Nucleus is usually the largest organelle in a eukaryote o Eukaryotes include fungi (mushrooms and molds), plants, animals, and protists Additional membranes surround structures inside cells called organelles o Organelles – a tiny membrane-bound structure inside a cell o Each organelle has a different function or job Some produce food or fuel for the cell Some help the cells to talk or communicate with each other The nucleus controls the activities of all of the organelles Page 120 #1-6 1. organelles 2. binary fission 3. nucleus 4. A 5. B 6. D Name Lesson 4.4: After the Cell Date Period Goals: Name the four levels of organization in complex organisms Identify examples of each level of organization Multicellular organisms are made up of many cells Cells that make up larger organisms have different functions based on their structures Different kinds of cells are found in different parts of an organism Cells are put together in an organized way The organized way of grouping cells is as follows: Cells are grouped into tissues o Tissue – a group of cells that are similar and work together o Examples Skin is made up of epithelial cells which work together as skin tissue to protect parts of your body Nerve cells work together to form nervous tissue that relays messages to and from the brain Muscle cells make up muscle tissue that help to move your body Tissues are grouped into organs o Organ – a group of different tissues that work together to perform specific functions o Example Heart – made up of muscle tissue that contracts and pump blood Organs are grouped into organ systems o Organ system – a group of organs that work together to perform specific connected tasks o Example Circulatory system – a collection of organs, including the heart, which moves blood and gases throughout the body Organ systems make up the organism Page 126 #1-6 1. organ system 2. cells 3. organ 4. A, protect parts of the body 5. B, tissue 6. B, nerve