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B2 Cells and simple transport: Part 1:
cell, ribosomes, respiration, chemical reactions, protein,
nucleus, cell membrane, chloroplasts, cell wall, mitochondrion,
vacuole, photosynthesis, chlorophyll, sap, cytoplasm
Animal cells: label the main parts.
ORGANELLE
Type of cell where
found
Plant
NUCLEUS
Controls all activities of the cell.
Contains genes on the chromosomes.
Carries the instructions for making
new cells or organisms.
Y
Animal
Y
CYTOPLASM
Where chemical reactions take
place
Y
Y
CELL MEMBRANE
Controls the passage of substances
into and out of the cell.
Y
Y
MITOCHONDRIA
Structures in the cytoplasm where
oxygen is used and energy is
released using respiration.
Y
Y
RIBOSOMES
Where protein synthesis takes place, Y
all proteins needed for the cell are
made here.
Y
CELL WALL
Made of cellulose that strengthens
and gives support to plant cells.
Y
N
CHLOROPLASTS
Found in the green parts of plants.
Y
They are green because they contain
chlorophyll. Chlorophyll absorbs the
light energy to make food by
photosynthesis.
Is the space in the cytoplasm filled
Y
with cell sap. This is important for
keeping the cells rigid to support the
plant.
N
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
FUNCTION
nucleus
mitochondrion
Plant and algal cells: label the parts
Cell wall
Cell membrane
vacuole
Chloroplast
Cytoplasm
nucleus
LARGE
PERMENANT
VACUOLE
N
B2 Cells and simple transport Part 2: diffusion, nucleus, oxygen,
cell wall, high, faster, cytoplasm, lower, cell membrane, Yes,
concentration, no.
Bacterial cells:
Key fact: Although bacteria contain genetic material,
they do not have a nucleus.
A Yeast cell
Label the diagram:
Yeast
cells
o Cell membrane
o Nucleus
Yeast
is a single celled fungus.
o Cytoplasm
o Cell wall
Cell
membrane
Cytoplasm
nucleus
Cell wall
Cell wall
Cytoplasm
Cell
membrane
Chromosome
Feature
A Yeast cell
Label the diagram:
Animal
Plant or
algae
Bacteria
Yeast
Cell
membrane
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Nucleus
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Chloroplast
No
Yes
No
No
Cell wall
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Cytoplasm
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Simple cell transport
Dissolved substances move into and out
of cells by diffusion. The net (overall)
movement of particles is from a high
concentration to a lower concentration
(down a concentration gradient). The
greater the difference in concentration,
the faster the rate of diffusion.
Example: Oxygen gas diffuses into cells
through the cell membrane and is used
during respiration.
B2 Specialised cells: mesophyll, surface area, haemoglobin, leaves, xylem,
differentiate, energy, sugars impulses, chloroplasts, nucleus, water, oxygen,
mitochondria, insulated, soil, phloem, root hair
Mesophyll cells
These are found in plant
leaves. They contain many
chloroplasts for
photosynthesis.
Root hair cells.
These are found on plant
roots. They have a large
surface area for rapid uptake
of water and mineral ions from
the soil.
Specialised cells
Cells of multicellular
organisms may differentiate
and become adapted for
specific functions.
Xylem and phloem
Xylem vessels are dead and
hollow, allowing them to easily
transport water and minerals
up the plant.
Phloem cells are long, thin
tubes which transport sugars
up and down the plant.
Red blood cells.
Unlike most animal cells, these
do not contain a nucleus. This
allows more space inside for
haemoglobin which carries
oxygen. The biconcave disc
shape creates a larger surface
area for faster diffusion of
oxygen.
Sperm cells
These have
many mitochondria. This allows
faster respiration to provide
energy for movement.
Neurones (nerve cells)
These are long and insulated.
This allows them to transmit
nerve impulses rapidly.
B2 Tissues, Organs and Organ systems
Organs, outside, glandular, churn, organ, faeces, absorption,
liver, tissue, inside, cells, muscular, digestive, epithelial,
small, water, digests, function, digestion, bile, salivary,
large, systems
Tissues, organs and organ systems
A group of similar cells working together
to perform a function is called a tissue.
An organ is made from several types of
tissue working together.
The stomach: As an organ the stomach is made from
several tissues, each with a specific function.
Muscular tissue, contracts
helping to mix and churn the food.
Glandular tissue, makes
digestive juices including
protease and hydrochloric acid.
Epithelial tissue covers the
outside and inside of the stomach.
The digestive system
Salivary glands – make
digestive juice.
Liver – makes bile.
Organ systems are groups of organs that
perform a particular function. eg digestive
system.
Pancreas – a
gland that
makes
digestive juice.
Large intestine –
absorbs water from
undigested food,
producing faeces.
Stomach – digests
proteins.
Small intestine –
digestion and
absorption of
soluble food.
B2 Plant tissues and organs: leaves, epidermis, stem, vein, tissues roots, phloem, water, mesophyll,
xylem, photosynthesis, organ
Plant Organs. Label the plant
organs.
Inside a leaf:
As an organ the leaf contains several types of different tissues.
Upper epidermis
covers the plant
Leaves
The vein contains:
a) xylem tissue
which transports
water and mineral
ions.
b) phloem tissue
which transports
sugars
Stem
Mesophyll tissue
carries out
photosynthesis.
Roots
Lower epidermis
covers the plant