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Biotechnology Unit 3: DNA to Proteins The Shape and Structure of Proteins I. II. __________________ are by far the most structurally and functionally __________________ molecules that are known a. They can range in size from approximately ________ amino acids to more than __________________ but most are between 50 and 2,000 amino acids b. They can be __________________, fibrous, __________________, sheets, __________________, spheres, and many other __________________ The shape of a protein is specified by its amino acid __________________ a. There are ________ different amino acids, each with different __________________ and __________________ properties b. Proteins consist of long __________________ of __________________ bonded amino acids i. The __________________ of amino acids is called the amino acid sequence and each individual molecule of a type of protein has an __________________ amino acid sequence ii. Bonds are called __________________ bonds iii. Proteins are often called __________________ 1. The __________________ of the protein consists of the repeating amine groups and carboxylic acid groups of the amino acids and the __________________ are the unique portions of the amino acids 2. These side chains __________________ with each other or with other chemicals to provide the __________________ and __________________ of the protein c. The protein backbone is very __________________ which allows the proteins to __________________ in an incredible number of ways i. Regions of the proteins are held together by __________________ bonds including __________________ bonding, __________________ connections, and __________________ attractions 1. __________________ interactions are also very important to protein folding because several amino acids are __________________ (hydrophobic) and therefore will be attracted to each other in __________________ (water based) environments ii. Each protein will fold into a final __________________ called a __________________ based on its amino acid sequence 1. Proteins will naturally fold into the __________________ possible __________________ conformation 2. Each protein has one __________________ stable conformation, but there can be slight __________________ based on __________________ with other molecules 3. __________________ involves chemically causing the protein to become __________________ (usually by temperature or pH changes) 4. When proteins fold __________________, they can form __________________ that can cause damage to whole cells or even to tissues a. __________________ disorders like mad-cow disease and CJD in humans b. __________________ and __________________ disease in humans iii. The two most common folding patterns are the __________________ (alpha helix) and the __________________ (beta sheet) 1. Both of these patterns are common in __________________ proteins and they are both the result of __________________ bonds between the __________________ molecules and not the side chains Essential Cell Biology Chapter 4 III. IV. Biotechnology Unit 3: DNA to Proteins 2. An α-helix is caused by a single polypeptide chain __________________ around itself to form a __________________ a. A hydrogen bond forms between every __________________ amino acid whit the C=O of one bonding to the N-H of the other b. The __________________ makes a complete turn every 3.6 amino acids c. Sometimes two or three α-helices wrap around each other to form a structure called a __________________ 3. β-sheets form when __________________ bonds form between segments of proteins lying __________________ by __________________ a. Parallel β-sheets are when the polypeptide chains have the same __________________ and antiparallel β-sheets are when they are in __________________ orientations b. β-sheets have some __________________ properties i. They are what give silk its incredible __________________ ii. They are abundant in __________________ proteins in insects that prevent them from freezing in extreme cold temperatures Proteins have several __________________ of organization a. The __________________ structure is the amino acid sequence b. The __________________ structure is the folding of the protein i. Includes α-helices and β-sheets c. The __________________ structure involves all of the smaller folds interacting with each other to form the final structural conformation d. The __________________ structure is when the protein is combines with other polypeptide molecules to create a larger structure e. Proteins also have a level of organization called __________________ i. These are units that are usually made up of 100-250 amino acids folded into a secondary structure that act as __________________ units that are found in many different types of proteins ii. Small proteins consist of only __________________ domain where as larger proteins will have several __________________ domains Protein __________________ consist of groups of proteins that have very similar amino acid sequences and three dimensional conformations Essential Cell Biology Chapter 4