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Formed by bonding small molecules
[monomers] together into chains
called polymers
These larger molecules, macromolecules,
may be composed of thousands of atoms.
The 4 major classes of macromolecules are:
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, & nucleic
acids.
Carbohydrates – Carbohydrates are
compounds composed of carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen, with the
general molecular formula CH2O.
A)Monosaccharides – A simple sugar or
carbohydrate which cannot be broken
down any further. Its molecular
formula is C6H12O6, & the most common
is glucose.
Glucose
B) Disaccharide – A double sugar or a
combination of two simple sugar
molecules. Sucrose, maltose, and
lactose are disaccharides.
C) Polysaccharide
–polysaccharide
A
polysaccharide
Animals
One
Starch
Plants
function
can
isthat
astore
storage
feed
of surplus
polysaccharides
on
plants,
glucose
especially
in
is starch
as anis a
complex
compound
composed
ofthis
energy
composed
and
parts
withdraw
rich
storage
inentirely
starch,
itmacromolecule
when
of
can
glucose
needed
also access
monomers.
for
that
energy
isa large
or
number
ofasglucose
Examples are
hydrolyzed
carbon.
starch
to support
needed.
their units.
own metabolism.
starch, cellulose, and glycogen.
Starch granules in
potato tuber cells
Glycogen granules in
muscle tissue
Cellulose fibrils in
a plant cell wall
Cellulose
molecules
Glucose
monomer
STARCH
GLYCOGEN
CELLULOSE
Animals also store glucose in a polysaccharide
called glycogen.
Humans and other vertebrates store
glycogen in the liver and muscles but only
have about a one day supply.
Structural polysaccharides form strong
building materials.
Cellulose is a major component of the
tough wall of plant cells.
Many
eukaryotic
like
cows and
termites,
Cellulose
Some
microbes
in ourherbivores,
can
fooddigest
passes
cellulose
through
tothe
its
have
symbiotic
digestive
glucose
monomers
tract,relationships
stimulating
throughwith
the
thecellulolytic
secretion
use of cellulase
of
microbes,
allowing
them
access
to
this
rich
source
of
mucus, and is eliminated in feces as “insoluble
enzymes.
energy.
fiber”.
Another important structural polysaccharide is
chitin, used in the exoskeletons of arthropods
(including insects, spiders, and crustaceans).
Chitin also forms the structural support for the
cell walls of many fungi.
Lipids are organic compounds that dissolve
The
unifying
feature
of lipids
is that they all
poorly,
if at all,
in water
(hydrophobic).
have little or no affinity for water. This is
because their structures are dominated by
nonpolar covalent bonds.
Saturated
MonoUnsaturated
PolyUnsaturated
A fat is constructed from two kinds of
smaller molecules, glycerol and fatty acids.
Most animal fats are saturated fats which are
solid at room temperature.
A diet rich in saturated fats may contribute to
cardiovascular disease (atherosclerosis) through
plaque deposits.
Fats with unsaturated fatty acids are unsaturated
fats.
Plant and fish fats, known as oils, are liquid at
room temperature.
The major function of fats is energy storage.
A gram of fat stores more than twice as much
energy as a gram of a polysaccharide.
Humans and other
mammals store fats as
long-term energy
reserves in special cells.
Fat also functions to
cushion vital organs.
A layer of fats can also function as insulation.
This subcutaneous layer is especially thick in
whales, seals, and most other marine mammals.
Lipid Types Chart
Phospholipids have two fatty
acids attached to glycerol
and a phosphate group.
The interaction of phospholipids with water is
complex.
The fatty acid tails are hydrophobic, but the
phosphate group and its attachments form a
hydrophilic head.
When phospholipids are added to water, they
self-assemble into aggregates with hydrophobic
tails pointing toward the center and hydrophilic
heads on the outside.
Phospholipids are the major component of
membranes.
Lipid Types Chart
Cholesterol
Stabilizes the cell membrane
Cholesterol lipids
a.k.a. “PolyPeptides”
Proteins are composed of carbon, hydrogen,
oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes phosphorus
and sulfur. Approx. 50% of the dry weight of
living matter is protein.
Proteins are instrumental in about everything
that an organism does.
These functions include
structural support, and
are the enzymes that
break and construct
products in our bodies
Proteins are instrumental in about everything
that an organism does.
Proteins are the
overwhelming # of
enzymes in a cell and
break down and put
together materials in the
body.
Humans have tens of thousands of different
proteins, each with their own structure and
function. What are proteins made
out of?
I’m not sure
Amino acids are the building blocks of all
proteins.
Amino acids are assembled into chains by
means of peptide bonds.
Carboxyl
group
Amino
group
PEPTIDE
BOND
Condensation
synthesis
Amino acid
Amino acid
Dipeptide
Peptide Bond = A bond between two
amino acids.
 The
primary structure
of a protein is its unique
sequence of amino acids.
Each protein is a
different sequence!
Protein that speeds up a chemical
reaction
*Involved in nearly all metabolic
processes.
Enzymes lower the amount of activation
energy needed for a reaction, allowing it
to occur more rapidly. The enzyme binds
with the substrate but resumes its
original conformation after forming the
enzyme-substrate complex.
http://www.kscience.co.uk/animations/anim_2.htm
FACTOR
EFFECT
EXPLANATION
Nucleic Acids – long polymers
involved in heredity and in the
manufacture of different kinds of
proteins. The two most important
nucleic acids are DNA and RNA.
Nucleotides – These are the building
blocks of nucleic acids. Nucleotides are
complex molecules composed of a
nitrogenous base, a 5-carbon sugar, and
a phosphate group.
DNA – Chromosomes and genes are
composed mainly of DNA. It is
composed of Deoxyribose,
nitrogenous bases, and phosphate
groups.
Thymine
Cytosine
NH2
O
Phosphate Group
Nitrogenous Base
O
CH3
Sugar
N
OH
N
O
O
N
H
N
H
Double Bond
Triple Bond
Guanine
Adenine
O
N
NH2
N
N
N
H
HN
N
H2N
N
N
H
RNA – is involved in protein synthesis.
Unlike DNA, it is composed of the sugar
ribose and the nitrogenous base uracil
instead of thymine.
Describe the four major groups of
organic compounds that compose
the human body. Include their
chemical make-up in your essay,
but focus on their function and
importance to organic life forms.