Download Syllabus Information: Genetics BIOL 3313

Syllabus Information: Genetics BIOL 3313
Dr. David F. Gilmore Office: 418 LSE
• Email: [email protected]
• Web page: http://www.clt.astate.edu/dgilmore
• Office hours: Thursday 1:00 – 3:30,
Friday 8:30- 11:00; other times by appt.
• Text: Essentials of Genetics 5th edition by Klug and
Cummings
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Syllabus info (continued)
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• Four lecture exams (100 pts each)
• Fifth exam at Finals time (100 pts)
• Additional points for homework, quizzes, other
assignments.
These PowerPoints: Note number, take scant notes; slides will
be posted before class. Class attendance is required.
Roll call/attendance sheet
Assignment for this week: Chapters 1 and 2
Genetics:
the Study of Biological Information
• How is the information stored?
• How is it used?
• How is it transmitted to new generations?
• How is it distributed among populations?
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Genetics:
the Study of Biological Information
• How is the information stored?
• Look at the information storage molecule itself.
• How is it used?
•
Look at how the information is processed
and the products of that information.
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Genetics:
the Study of Biological Information
• How is it transmitted to new generations?
•
Look at how information is passed on at
the cellular level.
• How is it distributed among populations?
• Look at patterns of inheritance, how
information is passed on and expressed at the
organismal and population levels.
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4 Major Divisions/Approaches in Genetics
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Classical genetics: look at patterns of inheritance, note
how genes act by observing inherited characteristics.
Cytogenetics: learning about inheritance by studying cell
structures, particularly chromosomes.
Molecular genetics: Reductionist approach, determine how
genes work by examining and manipulating their molecular
structure.
Population genetics: Use of statistics and math to see how
traits are passed on, maintained, or lost among large
numbers of individuals.
A Book on How to Make Gargoyles:
An analogy about genetic information
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A Book on How to Make Gargoyles:
An analogy about genetic information
Questions about the book itself:
color, weight, # of pages?
Book as source of information:
organization? Number of chapters?
Information independent of book
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A Book on How to Make Gargoyles:
An analogy about genetic information
Phenotype vs. genotype:
what’s on your friend’s roof?
Vertical vs. horizontal transmission:
who gets a copy of the book?
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Using genetic information:
the “central dogma”
Proteins can be directly responsible for traits.
Enzymes (proteins) can create traits:
metabolize sugars; synthesize pigments or
vitamins; assemble other informational
macromolecules like polysaccharides.
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Review of cellular chemistry
Lipids: components of membranes; hormones.
Carbohydrates: mono thru polysaccharides, structural
molecules and tags on cell surfaces.
Proteins: polymers of amino acids, direct result
of DNA information. Primary, secondary, tertiary,
and quaternary structures.
Nucleotides/nucleic acids: 3 part monomers assemble into
ultimate informational molecules.
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Review of Cell Structure
• Eukaryotes: larger, and compartmentalized
– Feature membrane-bound organelles
– DNA enclosed in nucleus, associated with histones
• Capable of being tightly packaged
• Prokaryotes: small and structurally simple
– Membrane-bound organelles lacking
– DNA loosely packaged with histone-like proteins
• Never tightly packaged
• Attached to inside of cell membrane
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Eukaryotic cell surface features
• All cells have a phospholipid/protein bilayer membrane,
the interface between the cell and its environment.
• The cell coat consists of
informational molecules,
polysaccharides and
PS-containing lipids and proteins.
These molecules act as receptors
to identify the cell or receive
messages that trigger changes in
gene expression.
Green: proteins; blue: PS;
red: lipids.
http://www.sju.edu/biology/CellsPowerPt/chp11/img030.jpg
The Nucleus and Cytoplasm
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Organelle with a double membrane
Pores allow passage of materials.
DNA packaged with proteins = Chromatin
diffuse, granular apperance.
Nucleolus: rRNA and ribosome synthesis
Cytoplasm is a colloid of protein and water
Contains the other organelles and membrane
systems such as endoplasmic reticulum and
the ribosomes, site of protein synthesis.
137.222.110.150/ calnet/cellbio/page4.htm; http://www.sp.uconn.edu/~bi107vc/images/cell/cytoplasm.gif
More organelles
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• Ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi work
together to create and distribute proteins
– After synthesis on ribosomes, proteins acquire sugar tags in ER
and are sorted and shunted after being prepared in Golgi.
• Ancient endosymbionts
– Mitochondria resemble Gram negative bacteria (2 membranes)
in many ways, are self replicating and have own DNA
• Site of aerobic respiration, ATP synthesis
• DNA is circular like bacterial; bacterial-type ribosomes.
– Chloroplasts similar and carry out photosynthesis; have own
DNA
Centrioles and cytoskeleton
• The centrioles are structures that occur in
pairs and are made of microtubules.
– Microtubules are made of protein
– Centrioles help assemble the spindle to which
chromosomes attach in mitosis.
• The cytoskeleton is made of microtubules
and microfilaments
– Proteins are generally tubulin or actin
– Provides cell shape, structure and locomotion.
cell.sio2.be/noyau/4.php ; www.cellsalive.com/ cells/cytoskel.htm
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Prokaryotes
• No organelles, little or no cytoskeleton
• Cell wall surrounding cell membrane,
so membrane surface not heavily
involved in receiving signals.
• Small size and lack of nucleus allow
rapid responses to changes in the
environment.
• Ribosomes plentiful, but smaller and
different from eukaryotic.
http://ghs.gresham.k12.or.us/science/ps/sci/soph/cells/pics/pro1.jpg
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