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Download The Immune system - Locust Trace Veterinary Assistant Program
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THE IMMUNE SYSTEM UNIT 7 IMMUNITY AND VACCINES VETERINARY ASSISTING PROGRAM RESPONSIBILITIES • The immune system is responsible for protecting the animal from potentially harmful organisms attempting to invade. • It is a VERY complicated system • It must be able to recognize substances that are foreign to the body by recognizing what is naturally occuring ANTIGENS • Antigens are large, complex molecules that are foreign to the body. • Once they enter the body, the stimulate an immune response for which antibodies are made. • Antibodies: specific protein produced to protect against a disease. Attacks the pathogen. • Pathogen: microorganism that causes disease LYMPHATIC TISSUE • The body has lymphatic tissue distributed throughout to detect antigens quickly. • Within the lymphatic system are lymph nodes, which is lymph tissue encased in connective tissue. • These lymph nodes can be palpated on almost any dog. • Location of Lymph Nodes in the Dog. Digital image. Immune System Tumors in Dogs. Merck Manuals, July 2011. Web. 22 Aug. 2014. SPLEEN • Large reddish-brown organ within the abdomen that is involved in the immune system and filtering blood. • Contains areas where immune cells scan incoming blood for antigens. • Houses the cells responsible for producing antibodies. • Important but not necessary • Digital image. Lymphatic System Anatomy and Function. PetEducation, n.d. Web. 22 Aug. 2014. • • Lymph nodes also house the cells responsible for antibodies and other organs also help filter the blood If damaged, extensive bleeding can occur Common site for tumors BONE MARROW • Essential for the immune system • Produces WBC’s • Complicated process • When the body recognizes an antigen, neutrophils and macrophages phagocytize the antigen • It is then broken down within the cell • A substance is release to begin immune response. • This release kills the virus or slows replication, attracts other immune cells to the area, and kills the already damaged cells. • This substance also affects the hypothalamus LYMPHOCYTES AND ANTIBODIES Specific lymphocytes come in contact with specific antigens • Stimulates repeated mitosis • Results in a large number of lymphocytes • Designed to react to this particular antigen, this is called clonal expansion. B lymphocyte or B cell B cells plasma cells secrete antibodies=humoral immunity • Antibody is Y shaped, arms of the Y detect the antigen • Pathogens have many antigenic determinate sites on its surface to which antibodies bind • Antigen-antibody complex stimulates phagoctyic cells so pathogens are phagocytized (destroyed) • T-Cells- type of lymphocyte associate with cell-mediated immunity Antibodies are produced primarily in the lymph nodes but also in the spleen and bone marrow. HYPOTHALAMUS • Any time the hypothalamus if affected, it elevates the body temperature. FEVER! • Fever is designed to aid in the fighting of the pathogen • A high body temperature hinders the replication of an infectious organism or can even kill it. • It also stimulates the activity of lymphocytes, phagocytes, and antibodies. INFLAMMATION • Can be a result of physical injuries or reaction to invasion of a pathogen • This response delivers more WBC’s and antibodies to the infected area • 4 signs of inflammation • Pain • Heat • Redness • Swelling • The swelling is referred to as edema. This is a build up of fluid under the skin due to increased capillary permeability. INFECTION • Not antibody related, cell mediated response only • This is when a large number of cells invade a specific site • A combination of WBC’s, invading pathogens, dying and destroyed tissue creates pus • When describing pus, the term is purulent!! • Pus trapped in a pocket is referred to as an abscess Digital image. Abscess on Dog's Shoulder. BerryHaven Veterinary Group, n.d. Web. 22 Aug. 2014. VACCINES IMMUNITY CONTINUED… CREATING IMMUNITY • Immunity can occur one of two ways: • Active immunity • Passive immunity ACTIVE IMMUNITY • Active immunity results from exposure to a pathogen, either through a vaccine or natural infection • Any exposure thereafter will trigger the immune system’s memory and quickly destroy the pathogen • This can last for different periods of time, ranging from 6 months to years Dog Receiving Vaccine. Digital image. Bordetella and Pets. VPI Veterinary Pet Insurance, n.d. Web. 22 Aug. 2014. PASSIVE IMMUNITY • Immunity resulting from the transfer of antibodies from one animal to another • Mother to offspring through colostrum • Commercial diets (Esbilac) • Plasma donation • This immunity is temporary and usually only lasts several weeks to months TYPES OF VACCINES 1. Modified live vaccines • Uses altered antigens created from a pathogen and places a small amount of the disease into the animal’s body • Pathogen is weakened, so it can divide but not cause clinical disease • Boosters can be given but not always needed 2. Killed vaccines • • • • Uses killed pathogens Can no longer divide but still has antigens to trigger an immune response Must get a booster Slower MLV Vaccine box. Digital image. Nobivac Canine 1DAPPv (Galaxy DA2PPv). Valley Vet Supplies, n.d. Web. 22 Aug. 2014. KILLED Rabies Vaccine Vial. Digital image. Nobivac 3 Rabies - 10 Dose Vial. KV Supply, n.d. Web. 22 Aug. 2014. VACCINE ROUTES • Most vaccines come in an injectable form • Subcutaneous • Intramuscular • Others are intranasal (Bordetella) Intranasal Vaccine. Digital image. Kennel Cough. MarvistaVet, 11 Dec. 2012. Web. 22 Aug. 2014. ALLERGIC REACTIONS • Not all immune responses are to prevent disease. Some occur against antigens that are not harmful • Allergens are substances that create an allergic response, such as pollens, dust mites, and flea saliva • An animal’s sensitivity to this causes a release of histamine. This release causes itchiness, eye and nasal discharge, sneezing, rubbing at eyes, and redness of the skin. • Drugs given to help treat this are antihistamines • Atopy is an allergic condition of the skin involving pruritus and alopecia SEVERE ALLERGIC REACTIONS • An allergic reactions that is generalized and life threatening is called anaphylaxis. • Causes bronchoconstriction and leaky vessels which lead to respiratory distress and shock • Epinephrine counteracts physiologic effects of histamine. • Must be given quickly! TITER • These tests measure the level of antibodies in the bloodstream against a specific disease • Results are reported as a ratio • A titer of 1:256 has more antibodies than 1:64 • A high titer proves that an animal has been exposed to a pathogen • Not when the exposure occurred, could be from a vaccine REVIEW • Lymphatic is a highly complex system with lymph nodes throughout the entire body • Many organs are involved with the immune system • Infection is not antibody related • Vaccines can be killed or modified live • The types of immunity are passive and active • Allergens can cause a life threatening event known as anaphylaxis