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Unit 4, Key Area 3 & 4: What you should know
1. Infectious diseases caused by ___________________ such as bacteria and
viruses are transmitted by many means including _________________ air,
body fluids and ____________________ organisms.
2. _____________________, antisepsis, good ___________________, clean water
and removal of vectors are some of the ways by which transmission of
infectious diseases can be controlled.
3. The study of an infectious disease’s outbreak and the factors that affect
its spread is called _________________________________. The spread of a
disease that occurs occasionally is described as ______________________,
one that occurs as a regular number of cases in a particular area as
____________________, one that occurs as an unusually high number of cases
in an area as __________________________ and one that occurs as a global
epidemic as _______________________.
4. Weakened
or
altered
forms
of
an
infectious
pathogen
or
its
__________________________ are used as ____________________________. These
are administered to people by _______________________ so that they will
develop active ___________________________ to the disease but not suffer
the disease.
5. The safety and ________________ of new vaccines must be established by
_______________ trials before they can be licensed for use.
6. A
clinical
trial
______________
is
___________________
and
and
double-blind
placebo-controlled
to
to
allow
eliminate
a
valid
____________________ to be made. _____________________ error is reduced by
using a very large number of people.
7. Within a population where most individuals are immune to an infectious
disease,
vulnerable
________________________
individuals
are
protected
from it by ____________________ immunity.
8. The percentage of immune individuals in a population above which a disease
no longer persists is called the herd immunity _______________________. It
depends on the pathogen’s ______________________, the vaccine’s efficacy
and the population’s contact _________________________.
9. Herd
immunity
_____________
can
to
be
difficult
afford
mass
to
establish
vaccination
if
or
the
if
country
the
______________________ by a large percentage of the population.
is
too
vaccine
is
10. By altering their antigens, some pathogens are able to ___________________
the immune responses made by their ______________________.
11. Extensive antigenic _______________________ in the pathogens that cause
______________ and trypanosomiasis has so far prevented scientists from
developing a successful vaccine against them. Antigenic variation in the
__________________
virus
makes
it
necessary
to
keep
developing
new
vaccines.
12.
Some pathogens take advantage of some part of the human immune system
and
launch
a
direct
________________
on
it.
HIV
attacks
___________________ and causes AIDS. Tuberculosis bacteria avoid immune
____________________ by surviving inside ________________________.
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
antigens
attack
bias
clinical
comparison
detection
efficacy
endemic
epidemic
epidemiology
evade
experimental
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
helper T cells
herd
host
hygiene
immunity
influenza
inhaled
malaria
non-immune
pandemic
parameters
pathogens
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
phagocytes
poor
quarantine
randomised
rejected
sporadic
threshold
toxin
vaccination
variation
vector
virulence