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Carbohydrates, Lipids, and Proteins Carbon-Based Molecules Carbon has unique properties • “the building block of life” – Basis of most molecules that make up ALL living things • Each carbon atom has 4 unpaired electrons in its outermost “shell” – Can form 4 covalent bonds with four other atoms • Carbon, like other atoms, can also form bonds with itself – Some examples of this are nitrogen (N2, H2 ) • Carbon-based molecules can take on three different structures: • Carbon chains and carbon rings can bond together to form very large, complex molecules-- ___________________ • Made up of smaller molecules that bond together. THINK. PAIR. SHARE. Think of a real-world example that smaller parts can be put together to form a whole. • The small building blocks that are pieced together are called • Many monomers are bonded together to form what we call a polymer • The macromolecules we have studied ARE polymers. • The three macromolecules provide us with different amounts of energy—as we learned in yesterday’s calorie lab. By just looking at these molecules, which do you think provides us with the most energy? How do you know? Carbohydrates • Fruits and grains contain large amounts of carbohydrates. • The most basic monomers that build carbohydrates are sugars, such as glucose. • Monosaccharides – one Disaccharides – two Polysaccharides-- many Carbo = carbon; hydrate = water – (CH2O)n • Carbohydrates store energy in chemical bonds • Two monosaccharides = a disaccharide • Functions: energy storage and structural support (cell walls in plants and cells) Fats / Lipids • Fats and oils are examples of lipids (ex: butter, meats, oils). • Most lipids contain fatty acids – Saturated fat – Unsaturated fat Lipid Structure: Triglycerides and Phospholipids Functions of Lipids • • • • • • Energy storage Membrane structure Protection against desiccation (drying out) Insulating against cold Absorbing shock Regulation of cell activities through hormones Proteins • A huge variety of proteins exist • Proteins have very specific functions throughout the body • 20 amino acids (monomers) that bond together to form proteins (polymers) – Interestingly, our bodies can only make 12 of the amino acids, we need the other 8 from eating foods. Protein Structure Four levels: Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary Primary • A unique sequence of amino acids joined by peptide bonds – A string Secondary Tertiary Quaternary Functions of Proteins • Enzymes: something that speeds up a chemical reaction • Structural components • Specific binding proteins (antibodies) • Carrier proteins (used to transport substances throughout our bodies) – Hemoglobin carried oxygen • Contraction in our muscles • Signaling (hormones) – Example: regulating insulin levels Nucleic Acids • Nucleic acids work together to MAKE proteins • Monomer: nucleotides • Two types of Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA Functions of Nucleic Acids • Store and transmit hereditary information • allow living organisms to reproduce from generation to generation.