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Download Structure and Properties of Proteins
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Structure and Properties of Proteins Primary Structure Secondary Structure Tertiary Quaternary Structure Primary Structure: made of amino acids and they’re stuck together by peptide bonds (covalent bond). Secondary Structure: covalent peptide bonds. Amine and carboxyl (part base and acid), they’re going to interact. When the amino acids are interacting, the proteins would bend. When the proteins bend because of the attractions, it’s going to form the B-pleated sheet (functional group) or alpha helix and it’ll depend on what the amino acids are and how they interact. When they interact or when the amino acids get closer together. There will be further interactions such as the sulfide functional group would interact, which causes disulfide bridges. There will be hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions Tertiary: Disulfide bridges, hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions and hydrogen bonds. You get/add 2 tertiary proteins and they bound or stick together. The environment can affect Tertiary. Hemoglobin has valine, protine, etc. Homeostasis is the maintenance of internal condition/structure of the cell so that the proteins and cells would be in the right kind of shape. Chaperonin is a protein that chaperons proteins. The chaperonin is a cylindrical protein, so that helps other proteins take on the proper shape by letting it inside the cylinder with proper environments. Sickle cell and hemoglobin – We changed one Differences of alpha and beta is just names. Quaternary Structure: Properties: amine and carboxyl (part base and acid), they’re going to interact. When the amino acids are interacting, the proteins would bend. When the proteins bend because of the attractions, it’s going to form the B-pleated sheet (functional group) or alpha helix and it’ll depend on what the amino acids are and how they interact. X-ray crystallography – shining rays onto samples, which makes patterns for use to predict other samples Denature – change original Renature – put it back the way it was Nucleic Acids There are a lot of carboxyl group in this one. Dioxyribo nucleic acids and ribose nucleic acid (DNA/RNA). RNA breaks down, but DNA is more stable by adding the dioxy group. The ribose sugar or sugar phosphate backbone. The flesh of DNA is the nucleotides (ATCG and U) are stuck on the sugar phosphate backbone. There are two subgroups for nucleotides: purine rings (double ring) and pyrimidine ring (single ring). A and G are purines and the rest are pyrimidine. Double helix (two strands) DNA and RNA are the best way that we can measure evolution. Most DNA is genetic junk that’s why we still look at proteins. We study proteins because they come from the functional part of DNA. Water: Cohesion (surface tension) Universal Solvent (polar molecule) Liquid High specific heat capacity Insulator Evaporates while cooling Transparent pH7 colloid – its somewhere in between a solution/mixture. It’s tiny so they stay suspended in the water. Buffer – something to control something. Something to maintain the environment in a cell or whatever. Phi (pressure) = phip (osmosis) + phi (ionic) Hypertonic – a lot of solute Diffusion or osmosis is a from a higher concentration across a concentration gradient. Environment: