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IV. The Body’s Defense Against Disease A. Non Specific Defense Mechanisms: Innate Immunity 1. The Skin and Mucus Membrane: External Defenses are Physical barriers a) Perspiration, tears and saliva contain ____________________ an enzyme that attacks the cell wall of bacteria b) ___________________________ destroys proteins in germs by low pH c) __________________ traps germs 2. Phagocytes and Natural Killers: Internal Defenses a) ________________________ -long living cells which develop from monocytes and engulf cells which display antigens (foreign protein patterns) b) ________________________ -short living phagocytes which usually die after engulfing a germ c) __________________________________ -identify and destroy infected body cells by lysing membranes 3. Antimicrobial Proteins: Internal Defenses a) __________________________ -inhibits the production of viral proteins 1) Makes cancer cells less likely to metastasize 2) Triggers inflammatory response 3) Attracts macrophages b) __________________________ -group of about 30 proteins which facilitate phagocytosis and lysis of infected membranes 4. Inflammatory Response a) _____________________________________ release __________________ which dilate and increase the permeability of blood vessels 1) Increase blood supply to infected area 2) Causes a leakage of plasma into area b) Release of _____________________________________ which stimulates the release of WBC from the bone marrow c) Chemical signals also attract phagocytes d) _____________________________ -increase body temperature which facilitates phagocytosis and inhibits bacterial growth B. The Immune Response 1. Active Vs Passive Immunity a) _________________________________ -the body is stimulated to produce its own antibodies b) _________________________________ -fetus gets antibodies from mother or antibodies are injected into a patient 2. Duality of the Immune System a) __________________________________ -the production of antibodies which circulate as soluble protein in the blood and attack free germs b) __________________________________- produces cells which attack infected cells directly C. The Humoral Immune Response 1. _______________________________ or B cells are activated by antigens directly or by T lymphocytes 2. Activated B cell begin to produce two other types of cells a) _____________________________ -survive for long periods of time and proliferate rapidly when exposed to the same antigen b) _____________________________ -begin producing as many as 2000 antibodies per second for 4 to 5 days c) 3. One Method of B Cell Activation a) T independent antigen binds to the B cell and activates the B cell b) Activated B cell divides forming memory cell and plasma cells c) Plasma cells begin production of antibodies 4. Antibodies constitute a group of proteins called _______________________Ig a) Antibody Structure • • • Y shaped molecule composed of 4 polypeptide chains: 2 light (small), 2 heavy chain (larger) All four chains have regions that are constant and regions that are variable The variable regions function as __________________ and are specific to each antigen b) Types of Immunoglobulins: 1) __________ Five Y-shaped monomers arranged in a pentameter. Appear in initial antigen exposure and trigger agglutination. 2) __________: Y-shaped monomer. Most abundant. Readily crosses blood vessels. Binds to antigen and activates compliment 3) __________: Dimer of 2 Y-shaped monomers. Abundant in mucus membrane, saliva & tears 4) __________: Y-shaped monomer bound to B cells. Used as a receptor for T independent antigens 5) __________: Y-shaped monomer on basophils and mast cells. Antigen binding stimulates release of histamines c) How Antibodies Work: 1) __________________________ -block viral and bacterial binding sites 2) __________________________ -attach and immobilize germs forming clumps which are then engulfed by macrophages 3) ____________________________________ proteins which lyse cell membranes 5. Activation of B Cells by Macrophages a) When a macrophage engulfs a germ, partially digest antigens are displayed on its membrane b) The antigens are mounted of Major ________________________________ (MHC): a series of glycoproteins which allow the body to recognize self from non-self c) The macrophage is now an ________________________________ or APC and it attracts ___________________________________ d) ____________________________ bind with the APC and are activated by il-1. TH cells then release il-2 which: 1) Causes TH cells to reproduce and stimulates Killer T cells 2) Activates B Cells e) B cells attach to T cells and begin to make __________________________ (which produce antibodies) and ____________________________ 6. T dependent and T independent Antigens a) ___________________________________ -only stimulate the production of antibodies with the help of T cell b) ___________________________________ -can bind directly with Ig D appearing on the B cell and stimulate the B cell without T cells C. Cell Mediated Responses 1. T cells cannot be activated by free antigens in the body fluid 2. ___________________________________________ on APCs attract T cell. T cells bind with the complex and trigger: a) Activation of B cells b) The production of more Helper T cells c) The production of _______________________________ (T killers) 3. T Helper Cells are able to stimulate other lymphocytes by sending and receiving ______________________ a) When T Helpers bind to APCs, the APC releases __________________________ b) The cause the T Helper to release _____________________________ which causes T Helpers to divide and helps activate B Cells and Cytotoxic T cell 4. ____________________________________ (T-Killers) are cells which destroy cells with antigens directly a) Attach to cells with antigens b) Release ________________________, a protein which will lyse cell membranes c) This kills the cell the cell and prevents it from reproducing new viruses