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Living Environment Unit 5 Part 1: Is cancer in our genes? Name: _______________________________________________________ Protein Synthesis How are proteins synthesized? DO NOW: Answer questions 1-4. 1. As an organism grows it often requires more copies of its DNA for new cells. Which of the following processes is responsible for producing more DNA? (1) Transpiration (2) Replication (3) Respiration (4) Active Transport 2. Complete the DNA sequence below. Strand 1 A T A T G G C C A Strand 2 __________________ 3. State the function of each organelle listed below: Nucleus: ____________________________________________________________________________ Ribosome: ___________________________________________________________________________ 4. Identify the building block of proteins. ________________________________________________________ Protein Synthesis Step 1: Transcription Step 2: Translation The double stranded DNA code is used as a template to create single stranded mRNA code. The mRNA is a message that leaves the nucleus and instructs the ribosome on how to make a certain protein. mRNA is made up of nucleotides like DNA but instead of having T’s it has U’s. During translation the ribosome uses mRNA to make a protein. Every 3 nucleotides in mRNA (called a codon) is a code for a certain amino acid. The ribosome “reads” the codons and puts the corresponding amino acids together to make a protein. More about Transcription During transcription DNA must be transcribed into a single stranded mRNA and sent to the ribosome. When mRNA is made, base pairings change slightly… THE SAME: T-A, C-G, C-G DIFFERENT: A-U Practice: Transcribe the DNA base sequences below into mRNA codons. 1. DNA Base Sequence mRNA codon T A T G G C A T T _____ ______ ______ 2. DNA Base Sequence mRNA codon A C T C T A A T G _____ ______ ______ Think, Pair, Share: Why might it be better for the cell to make mRNA to send to the ribosome rather than sending the DNA? __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ More about Translation The second step in protein synthesis is called translation because the ribosome reads the mRNA codons and “translates” the bases into amino acids, which is like a whole other language! To determine what amino acid the mRNA codes for—simply look it up in the Universal Genetic Code chart! Practice: Translate the mRNA codons into a chain of amino acids to make a protein! mRNA codon - AUA-AGU-CAU-UUC-UGA Amino Acids- ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ Compare & Contrast! Process Template Replication Product Site Purpose Transcription Translation Practice Makes Perfect!!!! With your partner: 1. Match the numbered stages with the correct lettered descriptions below 1. transcription ____ 2. replication ____ 3. translation ____ A) stage during which information coded in the base sequence of DNA is read to produce a strand of mRNA B) process during which the genetic code in RNA is used to make proteins C) process in which strands of DNA are separated and each is paired with nucleotides in order to form two new strands of DNA 2. Fill in an mRNA codon that would code for each amino acid shown. Amino acid: GLU - PHE - TRP mRNA codon: ______ ______ ______ 3. Which three codons would code for a different amino acid sequence from that coded for by the mRNA base sequence GGU-CGA-CUG (1) GGU-AGA-CUG (2) GGC-CGA-CUA (3) GGU-CGU-CCG (4) GGA-CGC-CUC On your own: 1. Suppose you knew the makeup of specific proteins in a cell. How would you determine the particular DNA code that coded for them? ____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Three structures are represented in the diagram below. What is the relationship between these three structures? (1) DNA is made up of proteins that are synthesized in the cell. (2) Protein is composed of DNA that is stored in the cell. (3) DNA controls the production of protein in the cell. (4) The cell is composed only of DNA and protein. 3. Which of the following bases will not be present in a molecule of mRNA? (1) Adenine (2) Guanine (3) Uracil (4) Thymine (5) Cytosine 4. What is the role of DNA molecules in the synthesis of proteins? (1) They catalyze bond formation between amino acids. (3) They supply energy for protein synthesis. (2) They determine the sequence of amino acids in a protein (4) They transfer amino acids to the nucleus 5. The end result of the process of translation is the production of (1)DNA (2) Proteins (3) RNA (4) Inherited traits 6. The sequence of amino acids that makes up a protein is determined by the sequence of (1) bases in DNA (2) amino acids in DNA (3) ribosomes in cytoplasm (4) glucose in the chloroplast 7. Base your answer to the question on the chart below, which represents a portion of the mRNA codon chart. Complete the chart below with the mRNA codons and amino acids coded for by the DNA base sequence. 8. The sequence of bases below represents an entire strand of mRNA that is sent to the ribosome to construct a protein. However, during translation, not every codon will result in an amino acid. In the spaces below, write the first, second, and last amino acid that will appear in the protein. CAU CGU AUG ACA AAU GAU UGA GCG First AA ______ Second AA ______ Last AA _______ Name: _________________________________ Protein Synthesis Homework Questions 1. The diagram below shows some steps in a cellular process. [2] a. The section of DNA being used to make the strand of mRNA is known as a (1) Carbohydrate (3) Gene (2) Ribosome (4) Chromosome b. The process depicted is best described as (1) Replication (3) Translation (2)Transcription (4) Mutation Turn over 2. Some DNA, RNA, and amino acid information for three species of plants (A,B, and C) are shown below. Using the information given, fill in the mRNA base sequence for species B and use the Universal Genetic Code Chart in your notes, fill in the amino acid sequence for species C. [1] Base your answers to questions 3-5 on the diagram below, which represents a sequence of events in a biological process that occurs within human cells. 3. Molecule A contains the [1] (1) starch necessary for ribosome synthesis in the cytoplasm (2) organic substance that is broken down into molecules B, C, and D (3) proteins that form the ribosome in the cytoplasm (4) directions for the synthesis of molecules B, C, and D 4. Molecules B, C, and D are similar in that they are usually [1] (1) composed of genetic information (2) involved in the synthesis of antibiotics (3) composed of amino acids (4) involved in the diffusion of oxygen into the cell 5. Molecule A never leaves the nucleus. Instead, the cell uses a different molecule, molecule X to carry the coded info contained in Molecule A to the ribosomes for processing. Molecule X is most likely: [1] (1) DNA (2) ATP (3) mRNA (4) DDT