Download DNA and RNA Chapter 12

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DNA and RNA
Chapter 12-1
http://www.wappingersschools.org/RCK/staff/teacherhp/johnson/visualvocab/mRNA.gif
GENETIC MATERIAL
In the middle of the 1900’s
scientists were asking questions
about genes.
What is a gene made of?
How do genes work?
How do genes determine
characteristics of organisms?
DO PROTEINS CARRY THE
GENETIC CODE?
At the time most scientists believed
proteins
that _________
had to be the
molecules that made up genes.
There were so many different kinds
of proteins and DNA seemed to be
too monotonous . . . repeating the
4 subunits.
same ___
DNA is a DOUBLE HELIX
http://www.time.com/time/time100/scientist/profile/watsoncrick.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalind_Franklin
Then things started to take shape!
X-ray experiments by Rosalind Franklin
led James Watson and Francis Crick to
the discovery of the structure of DNA
in 1953 (GOOGLE ROSALIND
FRANKLIN)
For This Unit, We Are Still
Inside the Cell
• Where is DNA Located in Eukaryotes?
Figure 12–7 Structure of DNA
Section 12-1
Nucleotide
Hydrogen
bonds
Sugar-phosphate
backbone
Key
Adenine (A)
Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C)
Guanine (G)
NUCLEIC ACIDS like DNA are
built from subunits called
NUCLEOTIDES
____________________
Image by: Riedell
SUGAR in DNA is
________________
deoxyribose
NITROGEN BASES in DNA CAN
BE ANY OF THESE FOUR
_____________=
A
ADENINE
_____________
=G
GUANINE
_____________
CYTOSINE = C
______________
THYMINE = T
DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID
IT’S DOUBLE
______________
STRANDED
Image from:
http://www.tokyo-med.ac.jp/genet/picts/dna.jpg
Backbone
(sides of ladder)
made of
PHOSPHATES
_____________
and
sugars
_____________
Nitrogen bases =“Steps of ladder”
A
Phosphate
group
G
Deoxyribose
sugar
C
T
Purines
(2 rings)
Pyrimidines
(1 ring)
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CHARGAFF’S RULES
A = T
G = C
_________
_________
At time no one knew why…
now we know its because
Adenine always bonds
THYMINE
across with____________
Guanine always bonds
CYTOSINE
across with ____________
Image from: http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/evo101/images/dna_bases.gif
DOUBLE HELIX
Hydrogen
_____________ bonds
between nitrogen bases
hold the two strands
together.
Image from: http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/evo101/images/dna_bases.gif
CHROMOSOMES &
DNA REPLICATION
12-2
Chromosome Structure in Prokaryotes
Approximately 5 million base pairs
3,000 genes
Chromosome
E. coli bacterium
Bases on the chromosome
DNA molecule in bacteria is:
SINGLE
______________
CIRCULAR
______________
CYTOPLASM (NO nucleus)
Found in __________
© Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved
DNA in EUKARYOTES is
packaged into chromosomes
http://www.paternityexperts.com/images/DNA-of-life.jpg
Humans
have
approxim
ately 3
billion
base pairs
(1 m long)
60,000 to
100,000
genes
THINK ABOUT IT
How could you get
this piece of
string into the
container?
http://www.artzooks.com/files/3966/AZ533823_320.jpg
http://www.mivaroo.com/sites/toyconnection.com/
In Humans, body cells have 2 of each
chromosome: One from Mom, One
from Dad = diploid (2n)
How many chromosomes?
46
Sperm/egg cells have 1 of each
chromosome
= haploid (1n)
How many chromosomes?
23
Image from: http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evosite/evo101/images/dna_bases.gif
HOW IS DNA COPIED?
The structure of DNA
explains how it can be
copied.
Each strand has all the info
needed to construct
matching
the __________other
half.
If strands are separated,
base-pairing rules allow
_____________
you to fill in the
complementary bases.
Figure 12–11 DNA Replication
Section 12-2
New strand
Original
strand
DNA
polymerase
Growth
DNA
polymerase
Growth
Replication
fork
Replication
fork
New strand
Original
strand
Nitrogenous
bases
Sites where strand separation and
replication forks
replication occur are called _____________
REPLICATION STEPS
1.Enzymes “unzip” molecule by breaking
_______________
Hydrogen bonds that hold the strands
together and unwind it.
DNA polymerase joins nucleotides
2. _______________
using original strand as template and
spell checks
______________for
errors.
opposite directions
3. Copying happens in ________
along the two strands & in __________
multiple
places at once.
DNA Replication
• Called semi-conservative (semi= some,
conserve= save)
• Means half of each new DNA strand
contains half of the original DNA and half
of the new DNA
REPLICATION
ANIMATION
See a video clip about
DNA REPLICATION (12B)
ACTIVITY
• BE A DNA MOLECULE
RNA and PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
12-3
What does it mean to Transcribe?
To Write or Type what someone is saying (same
language still)
© Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved
DNA Has 2 Jobs!
• We’ve talked about Replication… That’s
DNA’s first Job in the Cell
• What is the role of the Nulceus?
• How is it the Control Center of the Cell?
• This section talks about how DNA sends
its control messages!
• It needs a helper……
RNA- DNA’s helper and cousin
NUCLEOTIDES
Also made of ___________
RIBOSE instead
Sugar is _______
of deoxyribose.
SINGLE stranded
RNA is _________
URACIL
Contains _________
instead
of thymine.
http://images2.clinicaltools.com/images/gene/dna_versus_rna_reversed.jpg
3 KINDS OF RNA HELP WITH INFO
TRANSFER FOR PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
RIBOSOMAL
_________________RNA
(rRNA)
Combines with proteins to form ribosomes
TRANSFER
_________________RNA
(tRNA)
Matches m-RNA codon to add correct
amino acids during protein synthesis
_________________RNA
(mRNA)
MESSENGER
carries code from DNA to ribosomes
rRNA and t-RNA images from © Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved
mRNA image from http://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/tmp/labeling/1140654_dyn.gif
Transcription- DNA gives
mRNA a message to deliver
• Very similar to
replication- DNA unzips
and new bases pair up
• New bases are RNA,
not DNA (mRNA in this
step)
• RNA has 4 bases: C,
G, A and U (U replaces
T)
• RNA is only 1 strand,
never 2
• Occurs in nucleus
• Ex: CCGTAG pairs with
______
Figure 12–14 Transcription
Section 12-3
Adenine (DNA and RNA)
Cystosine (DNA and RNA)
Guanine(DNA and RNA)
Thymine (DNA only)
Uracil (RNA only)
RNA
polymerase
DNA
RNA
RNA POLYMERASE
Enzyme called _____________________
separates strands, then uses one strand
as a template to assemble an RNA copy.
How does RNA POLYMERASE know
where a gene starts and stops?
Enzyme binds to places with specific DNA
PROMOTERS
sequences called _______________.
RNA POLYMERASE
PROMOTERS tell _________________
where to start.
Signals at the end of the gene code cause
transcription to _____
stop .
http://images2.clinicaltools.com/images/gene/dna_versus_rna_reversed.jpg
Video 3
Transcription animation
See another
transcription
animation
See a video clip about
TRANSCRIPTION (12C)
ACTIVITY
• TRANSCRIPTION of DNA
MASTER PLAN
DNA stays safe in nucleus
© Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved
TRANSCRIPTION (DNA→ RNA)
& PROCESSING
takes place in nucleus
TRANSLATION (RNA→ proteins)
takes place on ribosomes
in cytoplasm
“Blueprints” of master plan
are carried to building site
http://www.home-improvement-resource.com/images/architect.jpg
Translation- mRNA into a
Protein
• Occurs at ribosome
(on rough ER)
• The new strand of
mRNA contains a
code for an amino
acid (or command like
STOP or Start)
• Amino Acids put
together make a
protein chain
HOW CAN JUST 4 BASES GIVE DIRECTIONS
TO MAKE 20 AMINO ACIDS?
Message is read in groups of 3 = _________
CODON
UCGCACGGU
UCG-CAC-GGU
Serine - Histidine - Glycine
Codons represent different amino acids
KIRBY!!!!!
The m-RNA Code
Section 12-3
64 possible codons
Some amino acids
have more than one
codon.
AUG
START= _______
STOP
3 codons for _____
ANTICODON
___________
on tRNA
EACH tRNA
carries only
one kind of
amino acid
_____________
matches up with
CODON
________
on mRNA
Images modified from © Pearson Education Inc, publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved
Figure 12–18 Translation
Section 12-3
Figure 12–18 Translation (continued)
Section 12-3
Video 4
SEE ANOTHER
Translation Animation
See a video clip about
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
(12D)
TRANSLATION VIDEO
(Choose Large video)
REPLICATION
DNA → DNA ____________
TRANSCRIPTION
DNA → RNA ____________
RNA→ Protein TRANSLATION
___________
CENTRAL DOGMA OF BIOLOGY
How is information passed?
DNA → ______
RNA
PROTEIN
_____
→ ________
Then the protein “DOES SOMETHING”
that shows up as a ________
trait
Mendel/flower images from: http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookTOC.html
Blood cell by Riedell
GENES & PROTEINS
Proteins are the connection between
the gene code in the DNA and how that
gene is expressed.
A gene that codes for an enzyme (protein)
to make a pigment can control
the color of a flower.
A gene that codes for an enzyme (protein)
adds carbohydrates to glycoproteins to
produce your blood type.
Enzymes catalyze and regulate chemical reactions so
proteins build and operate all cell components.
Concept Map
Section 12-3
can be
also called
which functions to
from
also called
to
which functions to
to make up
also called
which functions to
Concept Map
Section 12-3
RNA
can be
Messenger RNA
also called
Ribosomal RNA
which functions to
mRNA
Carry instructions
also called
which functions to
rRNA
Combine
with proteins
from
to
to make up
DNA
Ribosome
Ribosomes
Transfer RNA
also called
which functions to
tRNA
Bring
amino acids to
ribosome
MUTATIONS
12-4
REMEMBER!
_______________
MUTATIONS
are changes
in the genetic material.
Mutations can happen when cells make
mistakes
_____________
in copying their own DNA
radiation
or be caused by _______________
or
chemicals in the enviroment.
___________
KINDS OF MUTATIONS
Mutations that produce changes in a single
GENE MUTATIONS
gene = ______________________
Mutations that produce changes in whole
chromosomes =
CHROMOSOMAL MUTATIONS
_____________________
GENE MUTATIONS
Mutations involving ________________
One or a few
____________
= __________________
nucleotides
Point mutation
because they occur at a single point in the
DNA sequence.
TYPES OF POINT MUTATIONS:
_____________________
substitutions
deletions
_____________________
insertions
_____________________
SUBSTITUTION
Changes one base for another
ATTCGAGCT
ATTCTAGCT
How many amino acids get changed?
SICKLE CELL ANEMIA
CAUSE:
(autosomal recessive)
A changed to T
(glu to val)
gene on chromosome #11
that codes for part of
hemoglobin protein
(carries oxygen in blood)
DELETION
Piece of DNA code is lost
ATTCGAGCT
ATTCAGCT
How many amino acids get changed?
INSERTION
Extra piece of DNA is added
ATTCGAGCT
ATTCGCAGCT
How many amino acids get changed?
GENE MUTATIONS
Substitutions usually affect no more than a
Amino acid
single ____________,
but deletions and
insertions can have a more dramatic effect.
IMAGE FROM BIOLOGY by Miller and Levine; Prentice Hall Publishing©2006
FRAME SHIFT MUTATIONS
Change multiple bases in code
thefatcatatetherat
the fat cat ate the rat
____________________
INSERTION
thefatcataatetherat
the fat cat aat eth era t
DELETION
thefatcatatetherat
the fat ata tet her at
FRAME SHIFTS
Frame shift mutations change every
Amino acid
___________
in the ___________
protein
that follows the shift.
Frame shifts can alter a protein so
function
much it is unable to _____________
Location of the shift is important!
AT BEGINNING
the fat cat ate the rat
the fac ata tet her at
AT END
the fat cat ate the rat
the fat cat ate thr at
BEGINNING
MUTATIONS AT _____________OF
GENE
DAMAGE __________
OF THE CODE!
MORE
CHROMOSOMAL MUTATIONS
Mutations involving changes in the
Number
structure
_____________
or ______________
of whole chromosomes
TYPES OF CHROMOSOMAL MUTATIONS:
_____________________
deletions
See a Video
duplications
_____________________
inversions
_____________________
translocations
_____________________
(deletions
& duplications
See a Video
(inversions
& translocations
DELETION
Piece
of chromosome is lost
________________________________________
Image from:
http://www.biology-online.org/2/8_mutations.htm
Duchenne Muscular
Dystrophy
CAUSE:
(X linked
recessive)
DELETION in
gene that codes
for a muscle
protein
DUPLICATION
Piece
of DNA is copied too many times
________________________________________________
Image from:
http://www.biology-online.org/2/8_mutations.htm
HUNTINGTON’S
• Degenerative brain disorder
• Symptoms appear
age 30-40
• Lose ability to walk, think,
talk, reason
• Cause = ADDITION of extra
CAG repeats
INVERSION
Segment flips and reads
backwards
Image from:
http://www.biology-online.org/2/8_mutations.htm
TRANSLOCATION
Segment breaks off and joins a
different non-homologous
chromosome
Image from:
http://www.biology-online.org/2/8_mutations.htm
MUTATIONS
Most mutations are ____________
neutral
meaning they have little or no effect on
gene ____________.
function
defective proteins
Mutations that cause ________________
are usually ____________
HARMFUL
Harmful mutations are associated with many
genetic disorders and can cause
________________
____________
cancer
MUTATIONS
Mutations are also a source of
Genetic variability
_________________
and can be
beneficial
_____________
Can help an organism
_________________
Survive
and reproduce
variation
Provide _________
in population
for ____________
natural selection
to act upon
MORE ON THIS
2nd SEMESTER!
POLYPLOIDY
Condition in which an organism has
extra sets of chromosomes
POLYPLOIDY
= _______________
LETHAL
__________
in humans, but beneficial
in some ___________.
plants
3N or tetraploid (___)
4N
Triploid (___)
plants are often ________________
larger and stronger
than diploid plants.