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Protein Synthesis Notes (247 and 249) Steps of DNA Transcription Making mRNA from DNA 1. Helicase does NOT unzip DNA at the gene of interest 2. RNA polymerase unwinds and matches RNA nucleotide bases to DNA, using one side as a template. 3. The mRNA strand is created. It now compliments the original DNA strand (G-C and A-U). 4. Ligase helps the strand of DNA to close and again. 5. mRNA strand moves out of nucleus to ribosomes, and the DNA zips up. Key Players in Translation rRNA = RNA that makes up a ribosome tRNA = RNA that transfers specific amino acids mRNA = carries the DNA message; RNA transcribed from DNA Codon = 3 nucleotides in a row on a strand of mRNA that code for an amino acid Anticodon = 3 nucleotides in tRNA that base pair with the codon Amino Acids = monomers of proteins (20 in humans) Steps to Translation Making proteins from mRNA 1. Ribosomes attach to the “start” codon of mRNA (AUG), signaling the beginning of the protein chain 2. mRNA codons are matched to corresponding tRNA anticodons and appropriate amino acids are strung together. 3. Dehydration synthesis occurs between the amino acids, and they join, making a protein chain with peptide bonds in between 4. Ribosomes detach when they come across a “stop” codon (UAA, UAG, UGA). Protein synthesis is complete. Proteins • • Made up of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen (and some Sulfur) Proteins are responsible for many reactions Types of Proteins I am completely 1. Enzymesunchanged, Catalysts that speed up the I =am an enzyme. and Hi sweeties, Dosite. I am the active I am going tomore try rate ofyou a chemical reaction ready for some rememberbindsI am a product, too. The substrate convert you.substrate sucrose! – Build up me? ortobreak down to me. I am a fructose now. • Fit together with its substrate like a “lock” and a I am now“key” a product. In addition I am a glucose now. to what – Not used in theI am reaction youup know. a – Work in asubstrate. very specific biological range – Usually end with “-ase” Proteins 2. Structural Proteins – Provides mechanical support to cells and tissues 3. Transport Proteins – Transports small ions or molecules 4. Motor Proteins – Enables structures to move Proteins 5. Hormones (signaling proteins) – Carries signals from cell-to-cell – e.g., insulin 6. Storage – Stores small molecules or ions – e.g., iron is stored in the liver in ferritin 7. Other specialized functions – Defense (immune system antibodies), – Receptor proteins (in eyes and muscles to detect stimulus)