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Chapter # 14: Abnormal Psych
Medical Model
Rosenhan Study
DSM – IV
DSM – IV-TR
and V-- Axis I,
II, III, IV, V
criteria for
determining
disordered
behavior
-focus on brain chemistry, esp. in regard to serotonin and norepinephine
-correlation b/t lower than normal activity levels of those
neurotransmitters and presence of depression
-1970s visited diff mental institutions and reported they were hearing
voices
-all admitted with a preliminary diagnosis of schizophrenia
-once inside institution , pseudopatients returned to normal behavior
-patients for 3 weeks but no staff ever “caught on” they were healthy
-several actual patients expressed doubt about pseudopatients’ mental
illness but it seems that label to a person influences how each of his
subsequent behaviors is perceived
-patients released, told that condition was “in remission”, labels stick
-American Psychiatric Association’s handbook for identification and
classification of behavioral abnormalities
-contains detailed descriptions of every psychological affliction
-Thomas Szasz says book provides labels for behaviors that are not
disorders; book causes as many problems as it solves: people feel
compelled to live up to expectations that accompany disease
-used to classify behaviors across 5 dimensions or axis
Axis I: major disorders, schizophrenia, delirium and dementia, states of
perceptual and cognitive disruption; eating and sleeping disorders
Axis II: personality disorders, avoidant and dependent personalities
Axis III: physical disorders that impact behavior; not limited to disorders
in brain
Axis IV: asses level of psychological stress person is experiencing due to
factors evaluated by first three axes
Axis V: represents overall assessment of person’s level of functioning
-atypical: unusual, most people don’t do it
-disturbing: makes others feel uncomfortable
-maladaptive: extremes of mood are pervasive and damage healthy
functioning
-unjustifiable: irrational, indefensible
Chapter # 14: Abnormal Psych
Phobia
Specific Phobia
Social Phobia
Agoraphobia
Obsessive
Compulsive
Disorder (OCD)
Post-traumatic
stress disorder
(PTSD
Generalized
anxiety disorder
(”free-floating
anxiety”)
Panic Attacks
Delusions
Hallucinations
“Word Salad”
Disorganized
Schizophrenia
Catatonic
Schizophrenia
-persistent irrational fears of common events or objects
-fear triggered by specific thing or object
-intense fear associated w/ public setting
-fear of being in open spaces or public places or other places from which
escape is perceived to be difficult
-anxiety disorder
-involuntary, persistent, undesirable obsessions one feels driven to carry
out; repetitive behaviors that are time consuming and maladaptive
-sufferer recognizes that obsessions/compulsions are irrational or
maladaptive and does not want to have them but cannot control them
-caused by exposure to trauma (ex: war or violence) which leads to
recurring thoughts and anxiety linked to trauma
-decreased ability to function, detachment from reality
-restlessness, irritability, sleep impairment, loss of concentration,
nightmares, flashbacks
-marked by ongoing tension, apprehension, and nervousness that does
not seem to be linked to any specific trigger or stimulus
-individual feels overwhelming sense of panic, fear, and desire to escape
-lasts a few minutes, debilitating
-sweating, increased heart rate, paralyzed with fright
-false beliefs
-seeing, hearing, or sensing something that doesn’t actually exist
-symptom of schizophrenia
-jumbled thinking
-victim’s speech is loosely connected and words can be thrown together
in odd, nonsensical ways
-symptoms: cognitive and emotional
-speech and thought are confused and emotions can be highly childlike or
inappropriate
-flattened effect in which the victim demonstrates no emotion or response
and may even “freeze” in odd, contorted positions
-marked by stupor and rigid body
Ex. by specific animals, heights or enclosed spaces
ex. fear of public speaking
-ex: washing hands
-ex: paranoid, believe that “Law enforcement
officials have me under constant surveillance”
Chapter # 14: Abnormal Psych
Positive and
Negative
Symptoms
Delusions of
grandeur
Persecutorial
Delusions
Echolalia &
Echophraxia
Paranoid
Schizophrenia
Undifferentiated
Schizophrenia
Dopamine
Hypothesis
Manic Disorder
Dysthymia &
Cyclothymia
-positive symptoms: sufferer HAS what a healthy person does NOT have
-negative symptoms: refer to something sufferer LACKS that a healthy
person has
( + ex: hallucinations, false beliefs)
-fake belief that one has fame or power
Ex. “I’m Napoleon”
-feelings of being persecuted
Echolalia – associated with schizophrenia; repetition of words
Echopraxia – associated with schizophrenia; a person mimics behaviors,
gestures, or postures of another
-marked by chronic sense of being observed and persecuted
-delusions
-“wastebasket” category
-schizophrenia that does not fit into other subtypes
-lack of dopamine: Parkinson’s disease
-too much of dopamine: schizophrenia
-characterized by extreme talkativeness, increased self esteem, excessive
pleasure seeking, and lack of sleep
-rare
Dysthymic disorder– lower form of depression
Cyclothymic disorder—lower form of bipolar
Bipolar
Disorder
-characterized by sudden shifts in mood, deep depression and listlessness
to extreme euphoria, optimism, and energy
-3 types: severe depression with manic episodes, primarily manic (rare),
or normal to manic to depressive
Learned
Helplessness
-the feeling of futility and passive resignation that results from inability
to avoid repeated aversive events; associated w/ depression
Chapter # 14: Abnormal Psych
Serotonin and
Norepinephrine
Sleep
Disturbances
Dissociative
Amnesia
Dissociative
Fugue
Dissociative
Identity
Disorder
Conversion
Disorder
-serotonin: arousal, sleep, pain sensitivity, mood and hunger relation
-norepinephine: secreted by adrenal glands when organism is under
stress and aroused by fight or flight
-insomnia
-hypersomnia
-narcolepsy
-sleep apnea
-sleep walking/somnambulism
-night terrors
-somnilloquy
-characterized by large scale memory loss for events or one’s identity
-sudden in onset and recovery
-associated with injury or highly traumatic incident
-“traveling amnesia”
-marked by amnesia and physical relocation
-complete loss of identity followed by assumption of a new identity
- aka: multiple personality disorder
-rare condition involving existence of 2+ separate personalities housed
in one body
-identities may or may not be aware of each other
-sufferer is essentially converting psychological stress to physical
symptoms
Hypochondriasis -involves a preoccupation with the fear that one has an illness even in the
Somatization
Disorder
Autism
AD/HD
Paranoid
Personality
Disorder
face of medical evidence to the contrary
-imagines symptoms and seeks treatment
-psychological disorders characterized by physical manifestations
-“pervasive developmental disorder”
-characterized by lack of appropriate social responsiveness
-more common among boys
-characterized by impulsivity and limited ability to focus on tasks
-extreme distrust and suspicion of others
-ex: soldier who becomes paralyzed under stress
of battle and cannot move even though there is no
organic problem
Chapter # 14: Abnormal Psych
Schizoid
Antisocial
Personality
Disorder
Borderline
Personality
Disorder
Histrionic
Personality
Disorder
Narcissistic
Personality
Disorder
Avoidant
Personality
Disorder
Dependent
Personality
Disorder
-poor capacity for forming social relationships
-shy, withdrawn behavior
-considered “cold”
-more common in males
-individual who is rebellious, deceitful, manipulative, often hurtful with
no sense of remorse or empathy
-disregard for rights or interest of others
-“sociopath” or “psychopath”
-instability
-marked by sudden and intense rage, deep insecurity and fear of
abandonment, general instability in relationships and emotional
interaction
-marked by an insatiable need and search for attention and a tendency
toward highly emotional behavior
-characterized by self-preoccupation and the need for others to focus on
oneself
-exaggerated sense of one’s own value and importance
-excessively sensitive to potential rejection, humiliation
-desires acceptance but is socially withdrawn
-excessively lacking in self-confidence
-subordinates own needs
-allows others to make all decisions
-more common in females