Download Notes_14 abnormal - Biloxi Public Schools

Chapter # 14: Abnormal Psych
Medical Model
Rosenhan Study
DSM – IV
DSM – IV-TR
and V-- Axis I,
II, III, IV, V
DSM-V
criteria for
determining
disordered
behavior
-focus on brain chemistry, esp. in regard to serotonin and norepinephine
-correlation b/t lower than normal activity levels of those neurotransmitters and
presence of depression
-1970s visited diff mental institutions and reported they were hearing voices
-all admitted with a preliminary diagnosis of schizophrenia
-once inside institution , pseudopatients returned to normal behavior
-patients for 3 weeks but no staff ever “caught on” they were healthy
-several actual patients expressed doubt about pseudopatients’ mental illness
but it seems that label to a person influences how each of his subsequent
behaviors is perceived
-patients released, told that condition was “in remission”, labels stick
-American Psychiatric Association’s handbook for identification and
classification of behavioral abnormalities
-contains detailed descriptions of every psychological affliction
-Thomas Szasz says book provides labels for behaviors that are not disorders;
book causes as many problems as it solves: people feel compelled to live up to
expectations that accompany disease
-used to classify behaviors across 5 dimensions or axis
Axis I: major disorders, schizophrenia, delirium and dementia, states of
perceptual and cognitive disruption; eating and sleeping disorders
Axis II: personality disorders, avoidant and dependent personalities
Axis III: physical disorders that impact behavior; not limited to disorders in
brain
Axis IV: asses level of psychological stress person is experiencing due to
factors evaluated by first three axes
Axis V: represents overall assessment of person’s level of functioning
2013 publication of the APA that, among other things, eliminated the Axes
above, subtypes of schizophrenia, subtypes of somatoform disorders, redefined
autism spectrum disorders, and added disorders such as hoarding disorder,
mood dysregulation disorder, and gambling disorder (among others) whilst
eliminating names of some disorders such as hypochondriasis.
-atypical: unusual, most people don’t do it
-disturbing: makes others feel uncomfortable
-maladaptive: extremes of mood are pervasive and damage healthy functioning
-unjustifiable: irrational, indefensible
Chapter # 14: Abnormal Psych
Phobia
Specific Phobia
-persistent irrational fears of common events or objects
-fear triggered by specific thing or object
Social Phobia
Agoraphobia
-intense fear associated w/ public setting
-fear of being in open spaces or public places or other places from which escape
is perceived to be difficult
-anxiety-based disorder; has it s own category in DSM V
-involuntary, persistent, undesirable obsessions one feels driven to carry out;
repetitive behaviors that are time consuming and maladaptive
-sufferer recognizes that obsessions/compulsions are irrational or maladaptive
and does not want to have them but cannot control them
-caused by exposure to trauma (ex: war or violence) which leads to recurring
thoughts and anxiety linked to trauma
-decreased ability to function, detachment from reality
-restlessness, irritability, sleep impairment, loss of concentration, nightmares,
flashbacks
-marked by ongoing tension, apprehension, and nervousness that does not seem
to be linked to any specific trigger or stimulus
Obsessive
Compulsive
Disorder (OCD)
Post-traumatic
stress disorder
(PTSD
Generalized
anxiety disorder
(”free-floating
anxiety”)
Panic Attacks
Delusions
Hallucinations
“Word Salad”
Disorganized
symptoms of
Schizophrenia
-individual feels overwhelming sense of panic, fear, and desire to escape
-lasts a few minutes, debilitating
-sweating, increased heart rate, paralyzed with fright
-false beliefs
-seeing, hearing, or sensing something that doesn’t actually exist
-symptom of schizophrenia
-jumbled thinking
-victim’s speech is loosely connected and words can be thrown together in odd,
nonsensical ways
-symptoms: cognitive and emotional
-speech and thought are confused and emotions can be highly childlike or
inappropriate
Ex. by specific animals, heights or enclosed
spaces
ex. fear of public speaking
-ex: washing hands
-ex: paranoid, believe that “Law
enforcement officials have me under constant
surveillance”
Chapter # 14: Abnormal Psych
Catatonic
symptoms of
Schizophrenia
Positive and
Negative
Symptoms
Delusions of
grandeur
Persecutorial
Delusions
Echolalia &
Echophraxia
Paranoid
symptoms of
Schizophrenia
Dopamine
Hypothesis
Manic Disorder
Dysthymia &
Cyclothymia
-flattened effect in which the victim demonstrates no emotion or response and
may even “freeze” in odd, contorted positions
-marked by stupor and rigid body
-positive symptoms: sufferer HAS what a healthy person does NOT have
-negative symptoms: refer to something sufferer LACKS that a healthy
person has
( + ex: hallucinations, false beliefs - affect)
-fake belief that one has fame or power
Ex. “I’m Napoleon”
-feelings of being persecuted
Echolalia – associated with schizophrenia; repetition of words
Echopraxia – associated with schizophrenia; a person mimics behaviors,
gestures, or postures of another
-marked by chronic sense of being observed and persecuted
-delusions
-lack of dopamine: Parkinson’s disease
-too much of dopamine: schizophrenia
-characterized by extreme talkativeness, increased self esteem, excessive
pleasure seeking, and lack of sleep
-rare
Dysthymic disorder– lower form of depression
Cyclothymic disorder—lower form of bipolar
Bipolar
Disorder
-characterized by sudden shifts in mood, deep depression and listlessness
to extreme euphoria, optimism, and energy
-3 types: severe depression with manic episodes, primarily manic (rare),
or normal to manic to depressive
Learned
Helplessness
-the feeling of futility and passive resignation that results from inability
to avoid repeated aversive events; associated w/ depression
Chapter # 14: Abnormal Psych
Serotonin and
Norepinephrine
Sleep Disturbances
Dissociative
Amnesia
Dissociative Fugue
Dissociative
Identity Disorder
Conversion
Disorder
Illness Anxiety
Disorder/
Hypochondriasis
Somatoform
Disorders
Now called
“Somatic symptom
disorders”
-serotonin: arousal, sleep, pain sensitivity, mood and hunger relation
-norepinephine: secreted by adrenal glands when organism is under
stress and aroused by fight or flight
-insomnia
-hypersomnia
-narcolepsy
-sleep apnea
-sleep walking/somnambulism
-night terrors
-somniloquy
-characterized by large scale memory loss for events or one’s
identity
-sudden in onset and recovery
-associated with injury or highly traumatic incident
-“traveling amnesia”
-marked by amnesia and physical relocation
-complete loss of identity followed by assumption of a new identity
- aka: multiple personality disorder
-rare condition involving existence of 2+ separate personalities
housed in one body
-identities may or may not be aware of each other
-sufferer is essentially converting psychological stress to physical
symptoms
-involves a preoccupation with the fear that one has an illness even
in the face of medical evidence to the contrary
-imagines symptoms and seeks treatment
-does NOT actually have any somatic symptoms; if somatic
symptoms are present, they may be diagnosed with “somatic
symptom disorder”
-psychological disorders characterized by physical manifestations
-ex: soldier who becomes paralyzed under stress
of battle and cannot move even though there is no
organic problem
Chapter # 14: Abnormal Psych
Autism
AD/HD
Paranoid
Personality
Disorder
Schizoid
Antisocial
Personality
Disorder
Borderline
Personality
Disorder
Histrionic
Personality
Disorder
Narcissistic
Personality
Disorder
Avoidant
Personality
Disorder
Dependent
Personality
Disorder
-“pervasive developmental disorder”
-characterized by lack of appropriate social responsiveness
-more common among boys
-characterized by impulsivity and limited ability to focus on tasks
-extreme distrust and suspicion of others
-poor capacity for forming social relationships
-shy, withdrawn behavior
-considered “cold”
-more common in males
-individual who is rebellious, deceitful, manipulative, often hurtful
with no sense of remorse or empathy
-disregard for rights or interest of others
-“sociopath” or “psychopath”
-instability
-marked by sudden and intense rage, deep insecurity and fear of
abandonment, general instability in relationships and emotional
interaction
-marked by an insatiable need and search for attention and a
tendency toward highly emotional behavior
-characterized by self-preoccupation and the need for others to focus
on oneself
-exaggerated sense of one’s own value and importance
-excessively sensitive to potential rejection, humiliation
-desires acceptance but is socially withdrawn
-excessively lacking in self-confidence
-subordinates own needs
-allows others to make all decisions
-more common in females