Download Module 7 Exam: Learning and Developmental Psychology Infant

Module 7 Exam: Learning and Developmental Psychology
1.
Infant novelty preferences and understanding of physical world have
been discovered by assessing infants'
a.
schemas
b. habituation.
c.
accommodation.
d. assimilation.
e.
None of the above
2.
Mr. and Mrs. Valdivia can't wait to begin toilet training their year-old
daughter. The Valdivias most clearly need to be informed about the
importance of
a.
Critical periods.
b. habituation.
c.
maturation.
d. Learning
e.
None of the above
3.
The first time that 4-year-old Sarah saw her older brother play a flute,
she thought it was simply a large whistle. Sarah's initial understanding
of the flute best illustrates the process of
a.
assimilation.
b. egocentrism.
c.
conservation.
d. accommodation.
e.
None of the above
4.
Robert now realizes that his stereotypical view of women as weak is not
accurate and so revises his beliefs. He is demonstrating the process of
a.
maturation.
b. assimilation.
c.
accommodation.
d. conservation.
e.
none of the above
5.
According to Piaget, schemas are
a.
fixed sequences of cognitive developmental stages.
b. people's conceptual frameworks for understanding their
experiences.
c.
problem-solving strategies that are typically not developed
until the formal operational stage.
d. moral ideas children use to understand right and wrong.
e.
none of the above
6.
Piaget claimed that children understand the world primarily by
observing the effects of their own actions on other people, objects, and
events during the ________ stage.
a.
Postconventional
b. formal operational
c.
preoperational
d. preconventional
e.
none of the above
7.
8.
9.
When Tommy's mother hides his favorite toy under a blanket, he acts as
though it no longer exists and makes no attempt to retrieve it. Tommy is
clearly near the beginning of Piaget's ________ stage.
a.
sensorimotor
b. formal operational
c.
concrete operational
d. preoperational
e.
conventional
According to Piaget, children in the preoperational stage are able to
a.
represent objects with words and images.
b. reason abstractly and test hypotheses.
c.
understand the world only by observing the consequences of
their own actions.
d. think logically about tangible things.
e.
Attempt to explain their own thoughts to and understand the
thoughts of others.
Mrs. Pearson cut Judy's hot dog into eight pieces and Sylvia's into six
pieces. Sylvia cried because she felt she wasn't getting as much hot dog
as Judy. Piaget would say that Sylvia doesn't understand the principle of
a.
object permanence.
b. conservation.
c.
accommodation.
d. egocentrism.
e.
none of the above
10. Preschoolers' acquisition of a theory of mind suggests that Piaget
overestimated young children's
a.
sense of object permanence.
b. Egocentrism.
c.
Decentration.
d. Sense of conservation.
e.
None of the above
11. Katherine is beginning to develop a fear of strangers and will reach for
her mother when she sees someone who is unfamiliar. It is likely that
Katherine has also just
a.
mastered the principle of conservation.
b. overcome the limitation of egocentrism.
c.
developed a sense of object permanence.
d. lost her sense of secure attachment.
e.
entered the postconventional stage of development.
12. In a pleasant but unfamiliar setting, infants with an insecure, specifically
ambivalent, maternal attachment are most likely to
a.
demonstrate unusually low levels of stranger anxiety.
b. happily leave their mother's side and explore their new
surroundings.
c.
show no distress or feel happy when their mothers leave
them.
d. show indifference to their mother's return after a brief
absence.
e.
none of the above
13. Nature is to nurture as ________ is to ________.
a.
secure attachment; imprinting
b. heredity; maturation
c.
accommodation; assimilation
d. temperament; attachment style
e.
gender identity; gender typing
14. Compared with authoritarian parents, authoritative parents are likely to
be
a.
more conservative.
b. less educated.
c.
more responsive.
d. less trusting.
e.
more intimate.
15. A baby girl receives a(n)
a.
Y chromosome from her father.
b. Y chromosome from her mother.
c.
Y chromosome from her father and mother.
d. X chromosome from her father and mother.
e.
partial components of both the Y and X chromosomes from
both parents.
16. The “psychic secretions” that Pavlov noticed while he was
experimenting on digestion were
a.
unconditioned responses.
b. primary reinforcers.
c.
conditioned responses.
d. conditioned stimulus.
e.
none of the above
17. Which of the following is an unconditioned response?
a.
salivating at the sight of a lemon
b. raising your hand to ask a question
c.
jerking your hand off a very hot stove
d. walking into a restaurant to eat
e.
working for money.
18. Which theory would most likely suggest that children often take turns
passing and shooting a basketball because they want to avoid having
others angry at them, whereas adolescents often do so because they want
to play the game the way it's supposed to be played?
a.
Erikson's psychosocial development theory
b. Piaget's cognitive development theory
c.
Harlows' contact comfort theory
d. Kohlberg's moral development theory
e.
none of the above
19. In classical conditioning, the
a.
neutral stimulus is presented before the unconditioned
stimulus.
b. unconditioned stimulus elicits the conditioned response.
c.
unconditioned stimulus is the same as the conditioned
stimulus.
d. unconditioned response produces the conditioned response.
e.
none of the above
20. Because of the discomfort and embarrassment associated with his
childhood bed-wetting, Andrew becomes nervous whenever he has the
urge to urinate. If genital arousal subsequently makes Andrew unusually
anxious, this would best illustrate
a.
generalization.
b. spontaneous recovery.
c.
secondary reinforcement.
d. a discriminative stimulus.
e.
none of the above
21. Jacqueline is sexually aroused by the sight of her handsome boyfriend
but not by the sight of her equally handsome brother. This best illustrates
the value of
a.
latent learning.
b. shaping.
c.
intermittent reinforcement.
d. discrimination.
e.
spontaneous recovery.
22. Children learn to fear spiders more easily than they learn to fear flowers.
This best illustrates the impact of ________ on learning.
a.
conditioned reinforcers
b. shaping
c.
cognitive processes
d. biological predispositions
e.
none of the above
23. What did John Watson contribute to the study of learning?
a.
He demonstrated that infant attachment styles affect later life
attachment patterns
b. He showed how the law of effect can be used to teach new
behaviors.
c.
He explained how partial reinforcement schedules can be
used to maintain learned behaviors.
d. He demonstrated how some emotions and behaviors can be
learned by classical conditioning.
e.
none of the above
24. Laura's thumb sucking has become habitual because she begins to feel
less anxious whenever she sucks her thumb. This best illustrates the
process of
a.
generalization.
b. classical conditioning.
c.
latent learning.
d. operant conditioning.
e.
none of the above
25. B. F. Skinner's work elaborated what E. L. Thorndike had called
a.
shaping.
b. behaviorism.
c.
observational learning.
d. the law of effect.
e.
latent learning.
26. You would be most likely to use operant conditioning to teach a dog to
a.
fear cars in the street.
b. dislike the taste of dead birds.
c.
wag its tail whenever it is emotionally excited.
d. retrieve sticks and balls.
e.
salivate when presented with food.
27. Blake is a carpet installer who wants to be paid for each square foot of
carpet he lays rather than with an hourly wage. Blake prefers working
on a ________ schedule of reinforcement.
a.
fixed-ratio
b. fixed-interval
c.
variable-interval
d. variable-ratio
28. A small-town radio disc jockey frequently announces how much money
is currently in a jackpot. Every day several randomly selected residents
are called and asked to identify the amount, and thereby win it. Those
who keep track of the jackpot amount are most likely to be reinforced on
a ________ schedule.
a.
fixed-ratio
b. variable-interval
c.
variable-ratio
d. fixed-interval
29. A choppy stop-start pattern of operant responding is associated with the
________ schedule of reinforcement.
a.
fixed-ratio
b. fixed-interval
c.
variable-ratio
d. variable-interval
30. The introduction of an unpleasant stimulus is to ________ as the
withdrawal of an unpleasant stimulus is to ________.
a.
Negative punishment; positive reinforcer
b. negative reinforcer; positive reinforcer
c.
primary reinforcer; secondary reinforcer
d. positive punishment; negative reinforcer
e.
none of the above
31. We find it harder to frown when viewing a smile than when viewing a
frown. This can most clearly be attributed to
a.
partial reinforcement schedules.
b. spontaneous recovery.
c.
mirror neurons.
d. Negative reinforcement.
e.
none of the above
32. Skinner is to shaping as Bandura is to
a.
punishing.
b. discriminating.
c.
modeling.
d. generalizing.
e.
none of the above
33. In his classic study, Albert Bandura found that children exposed to an
adult model who behaved aggressively by beating up a Bobo doll
a.
imitated the adult’s actions.
b. acted aggressively in the presence of other children.
c.
behaved aggressively in the presence of their parents.
d. did not demonstrate prosocial behavior even when such
behavior was modeled later.
e.
none of the above
34. During adolescence, maturation of the ________ lags behind maturation
of the ________.
a.
brainstem; pituitary
b. pituitary; brainstem
c.
limbic system; frontal lobe
d. frontal lobe; limbic system
e.
none of the above
35. “If you're really concerned about the rights and dignity of women,” Alej
asked his older brother, “how can you justify buying pornographic
magazines?” Alej’s question indicates that he is in the ________ stage of
cognitive development.
a.
formal operational
b. conventional
c.
preconventional
d. concrete operational
e.
none of the above
36. Despite huge legal costs and social disapproval, Ms. Nicolas refuses to
pay income taxes because her conscience will not allow her to support a
government that spends billions of dollars on military weapons. Ms.
Nicolas' reasoning best illustrates Kohlberg's ________ stage.
a.
postconventional
b. preconventional
c.
postoperational
d. preconventional
e.
none of the above
37. Even though smoking marijuana would reduce the pain associated with
her chronic medical condition, Juanita believes it would be morally
wrong because it is prohibited by the laws of her state. Kohlberg would
suggest that Juanita demonstrates a(n) _______ morality.
a.
Concrete operational
b. preoperational
c.
preconventional
d. postconventional
e.
none of the above