The Contemporary Theory of Metaphor George
... These famous lines by Thomas and Stevens are examples of what classical theorists, at least since Aristotle, have referred to as metaphor: instances of novel poetic language in which words like mother, go, and night are not used in their normal everyday senses. In classical theories of language, met ...
... These famous lines by Thomas and Stevens are examples of what classical theorists, at least since Aristotle, have referred to as metaphor: instances of novel poetic language in which words like mother, go, and night are not used in their normal everyday senses. In classical theories of language, met ...
Varieties of Analogical Reasoning
... purpose delimits the form of the analogies (e.g., geometrical, verbal, etc.), the categories or general domains for the terms, and the sorts of relations or transformations to be involved in the analogies. Analogies are created such that they have three terms, accompanied by a set of choice terms th ...
... purpose delimits the form of the analogies (e.g., geometrical, verbal, etc.), the categories or general domains for the terms, and the sorts of relations or transformations to be involved in the analogies. Analogies are created such that they have three terms, accompanied by a set of choice terms th ...
Perception Processing for General Intelligence
... (b) arise via a relatively simple, thin layer on top of subsymbolic intelligence, that merely applies subsymbolic intelligence in a slightly different way 3. Symbolic and subsymbolic aspects of intelligence are best considered as different subsystems, which (a) have a significant degree of independe ...
... (b) arise via a relatively simple, thin layer on top of subsymbolic intelligence, that merely applies subsymbolic intelligence in a slightly different way 3. Symbolic and subsymbolic aspects of intelligence are best considered as different subsystems, which (a) have a significant degree of independe ...
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... Walt has just begun to notice how attractive his neighbor, Chelsea, is. It seems like last spring he could barely stand to be around her, but now that they are both beginning high school, she suddenly seems to have changed—for the better! Walt appears to be in Freud’s __________ stage. a. genital b. ...
... Walt has just begun to notice how attractive his neighbor, Chelsea, is. It seems like last spring he could barely stand to be around her, but now that they are both beginning high school, she suddenly seems to have changed—for the better! Walt appears to be in Freud’s __________ stage. a. genital b. ...
lifesmart-1st-edition-fiore-test-bank
... Walt has just begun to notice how attractive his neighbor, Chelsea, is. It seems like last spring he could barely stand to be around her, but now that they are both beginning high school, she suddenly seems to have changed—for the better! Walt appears to be in Freud’s __________ stage. a. genital b. ...
... Walt has just begun to notice how attractive his neighbor, Chelsea, is. It seems like last spring he could barely stand to be around her, but now that they are both beginning high school, she suddenly seems to have changed—for the better! Walt appears to be in Freud’s __________ stage. a. genital b. ...
Chapter 1
... • Problems with drawing a conclusion as to how early depth perception is present include the fact that very young infants can’t crawl – a requirement of the study. ©2005 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. ...
... • Problems with drawing a conclusion as to how early depth perception is present include the fact that very young infants can’t crawl – a requirement of the study. ©2005 McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd. ...
Schema Theory
... assimilation into an action schema ... [namely] whatever there is in common between various repetitions or superpositions of the same action." Acting on the basis of an action schema usually entails the expectation of certain consequences. Piaget talks of assimilation, the ability to make sense of a ...
... assimilation into an action schema ... [namely] whatever there is in common between various repetitions or superpositions of the same action." Acting on the basis of an action schema usually entails the expectation of certain consequences. Piaget talks of assimilation, the ability to make sense of a ...
Radical Enactivism, Wittgenstein and the cognitive gap
... Roberts (2013) objects that the REC claim entails that, “the distinction between veridical and illusory experience is hard for the radical enactivist to draw…[On the REC proposal, not] only are creatures with basic minds, who are without fully-formed conceptual abilities, thus unable to undergo perc ...
... Roberts (2013) objects that the REC claim entails that, “the distinction between veridical and illusory experience is hard for the radical enactivist to draw…[On the REC proposal, not] only are creatures with basic minds, who are without fully-formed conceptual abilities, thus unable to undergo perc ...
Dimensions of integration in embedded and extended cognitive
... downplays differences between internal and external states and processes, in that way implying that the specific properties of cognitive artifacts are not important for better understanding situated cognitive systems. As long as there is a relevant (and rather generic) similarity with internal state ...
... downplays differences between internal and external states and processes, in that way implying that the specific properties of cognitive artifacts are not important for better understanding situated cognitive systems. As long as there is a relevant (and rather generic) similarity with internal state ...
Stop Using Introspection to Gather Data for the Design of... Modeling and Spatial Assistance
... presented acoustically via headphones), all types of reasoning problems evoked activity in the right superior parietal cortex, and bilaterally in the precuneus – areas typically related to spatial processes. However, only the problems based on visual relations also activated areas of the visual asso ...
... presented acoustically via headphones), all types of reasoning problems evoked activity in the right superior parietal cortex, and bilaterally in the precuneus – areas typically related to spatial processes. However, only the problems based on visual relations also activated areas of the visual asso ...
Qualitative Spatial Reasoning: Framework and Frontiers
... Diagrams and models seem inextricably linked with human spatial reasoning. Why? The wealth of concrete detail in such analog spatial representations at first might seem more than necessary for most spatial questions. Perhaps there are more abstract representations of shape and space which by themsel ...
... Diagrams and models seem inextricably linked with human spatial reasoning. Why? The wealth of concrete detail in such analog spatial representations at first might seem more than necessary for most spatial questions. Perhaps there are more abstract representations of shape and space which by themsel ...
Chapter 9 Not Knowing Mar. `10 “Ignorance is the necessary
... honoured, inputs to our reasoning devices are free from the taint of ignorance (or in a softer version, lack of reason to believe). There are two interesting kinds of case which give the lie to thinking so. In each, ignorance plays a crucial and cognitively virtuous role. In the one, it is a conditi ...
... honoured, inputs to our reasoning devices are free from the taint of ignorance (or in a softer version, lack of reason to believe). There are two interesting kinds of case which give the lie to thinking so. In each, ignorance plays a crucial and cognitively virtuous role. In the one, it is a conditi ...
Children`s solutions of logical versus empirical problems: What`s
... could NOT be mapped onto a state of affairs: when a statement does not afford the mapping (e.g., “It is Tuesday and it is not Tuesday”), children selectively focus on a part of the statement, while ignoring another part. At the same time, children do not do not engage in this selective focusing when ...
... could NOT be mapped onto a state of affairs: when a statement does not afford the mapping (e.g., “It is Tuesday and it is not Tuesday”), children selectively focus on a part of the statement, while ignoring another part. At the same time, children do not do not engage in this selective focusing when ...
An Analogy Ontology for integrating analogical processing and first
... cognition centrally involves similarity computations over structured representations, in tasks ranging from high-level visual perception to problem solving, learning, and conceptual change [21]. Understanding how to integrate analogical processing into AI systems seems crucial to creating more human ...
... cognition centrally involves similarity computations over structured representations, in tasks ranging from high-level visual perception to problem solving, learning, and conceptual change [21]. Understanding how to integrate analogical processing into AI systems seems crucial to creating more human ...
An Analogy Ontology for Integrating Analogical
... cognition centrally involves similarity computations over structured representations, in tasks ranging from high-level visual perception to problem solving, learning, and conceptual change [21]. Understanding how to integrate analogical processing into AI systems seems crucial to creating more human ...
... cognition centrally involves similarity computations over structured representations, in tasks ranging from high-level visual perception to problem solving, learning, and conceptual change [21]. Understanding how to integrate analogical processing into AI systems seems crucial to creating more human ...
Cognitive reserve_Valenciano_Guàrdia_June2014
... A great number of investigations suggest that age-related cognitive impairment is selective given that it affects different brain areas to different degrees. Specifically, the cortical areas from the prefrontal, inferior temporal lobe as well as the hippocampus are the most affected due to the proce ...
... A great number of investigations suggest that age-related cognitive impairment is selective given that it affects different brain areas to different degrees. Specifically, the cortical areas from the prefrontal, inferior temporal lobe as well as the hippocampus are the most affected due to the proce ...
Psychology in Cognitive Science: 19782038
... representation: ‘‘the belief that it is legitimate—in fact, necessary—to posit a separate level of analysis which can be called the ‘‘level of representation.’’ When working at this level, ...
... representation: ‘‘the belief that it is legitimate—in fact, necessary—to posit a separate level of analysis which can be called the ‘‘level of representation.’’ When working at this level, ...
Cognitive Science: Emerging Perspectives and Approaches
... include domain specificity, information encapsulation, obligatory firing, fast, shallow outputs and a fixed neural architecture. Mostly low-level processes are modular and highlevel processes like memory are not modular. Pylyshyn (1999) has emphasized that the most important aspect of a module is e ...
... include domain specificity, information encapsulation, obligatory firing, fast, shallow outputs and a fixed neural architecture. Mostly low-level processes are modular and highlevel processes like memory are not modular. Pylyshyn (1999) has emphasized that the most important aspect of a module is e ...
Logic and Complexity in Cognitive Science
... Considerations at each of these levels may constrain answers at the others, although Marr argues that analysis at the computational level is the most critical for achieving progress in cognitive science. Combining Marr’s arguments with those of Newell [90], Anderson [1] defends the Principle of Rati ...
... Considerations at each of these levels may constrain answers at the others, although Marr argues that analysis at the computational level is the most critical for achieving progress in cognitive science. Combining Marr’s arguments with those of Newell [90], Anderson [1] defends the Principle of Rati ...
KOHLBERG`S STAGES OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT Lawrence
... - Kohlberg's model is biased against conservative worldviews, from several perspectives. values in favor of liberal worldviews - But Kohlberg's model does not consider content of reasoning, only process - Some conserva- **** tives reason at post-conventional levels, some radicals at pre- Kohlberg's ...
... - Kohlberg's model is biased against conservative worldviews, from several perspectives. values in favor of liberal worldviews - But Kohlberg's model does not consider content of reasoning, only process - Some conserva- **** tives reason at post-conventional levels, some radicals at pre- Kohlberg's ...
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... child tends to increase their activity while a deaf or hard of hearing child tends to decrease their vocal activity. Therefore hearing problems often are not able to be detected until a child is seven months old. 5.What is the difference between overt and internal learning? ANS: Changes in a respons ...
... child tends to increase their activity while a deaf or hard of hearing child tends to decrease their vocal activity. Therefore hearing problems often are not able to be detected until a child is seven months old. 5.What is the difference between overt and internal learning? ANS: Changes in a respons ...
D2.1c Comparative Cognitive Mapping Guidelines
... method results in very comprehensive maps, but the method is also more time-consuming and labour intensive and is seen to be tedious by participants. In addition, Hodgkinson et all (2004) have found that participants in their study rate representativeness of the resulting maps as much lower than of ...
... method results in very comprehensive maps, but the method is also more time-consuming and labour intensive and is seen to be tedious by participants. In addition, Hodgkinson et all (2004) have found that participants in their study rate representativeness of the resulting maps as much lower than of ...
Knowledge, Performance, and Task: Décalage and Dynamics in Young Children’s
... only other objects that share the same shape as the exemplar can be called by the same name (Landau, Smith, & Jones, 1988). Thus, young children are said to show a “shape bias” when generalizing novel names for solid objects. There is some debate in the literature concerning the nature and origin of ...
... only other objects that share the same shape as the exemplar can be called by the same name (Landau, Smith, & Jones, 1988). Thus, young children are said to show a “shape bias” when generalizing novel names for solid objects. There is some debate in the literature concerning the nature and origin of ...
Analogical Reasoning: A Core of Cognition
... no good analogies are available or strange metaphors are used which do not explain very much: consider for example the waveparticle dualism, exchange forces (based on photons, gravitons etc.), or string theory. The third type of analogy, analogical problem solving, can be used to solve a problem by ...
... no good analogies are available or strange metaphors are used which do not explain very much: consider for example the waveparticle dualism, exchange forces (based on photons, gravitons etc.), or string theory. The third type of analogy, analogical problem solving, can be used to solve a problem by ...
Child Development HISTORY, THEORY, AND APPLIED
... Professor Cortez believes that development is largely due to nature. Professor Cortez would argue that A) early intervention is of supreme importance for economically at-risk children. B) environmental factors have a greater impact on development than genetic factors. C) offering high-quality stimul ...
... Professor Cortez believes that development is largely due to nature. Professor Cortez would argue that A) early intervention is of supreme importance for economically at-risk children. B) environmental factors have a greater impact on development than genetic factors. C) offering high-quality stimul ...
Piaget's theory of cognitive development
Piaget's theory of cognitive development is a comprehensive theory about the nature and development of human intelligence. Piaget believed that one's childhood plays a vital and active role in a person's development Piaget's idea is primarily known as a developmental stage theory. The theory deals with the nature of knowledge itself and how humans gradually come to acquire, construct, and use it. To Piaget, cognitive development was a progressive reorganization of mental processes resulting from biological maturation and environmental experience. He believed that children construct an understanding of the world around them, experience discrepancies between what they already know and what they discover in their environment, then adjust their ideas accordingly. Moreover, Piaget claimed that cognitive development is at the center of the human organism, and language is contingent on knowledge and understanding acquired through cognitive development. Piaget's earlier work received the greatest attention. Many parents have been encouraged to provide a rich, supportive environment for their child's natural propensity to grow and learn. Child-centered classrooms and ""open education"" are direct applications of Piaget's views. Despite its huge success, Piaget's theory has some limitations that Piaget recognized himself: for example, the theory supports sharp stages rather than continuous development (decalage).