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Chapter 15: Genetic Engineering Section 15-3: Applications of Genetic Engineering Agriculture and Industry Genetic engineering used to improve products we get from plants and animals Could lead to better, less expensive, more nutritious food, and safer manufacturing processes GM Crops Genetically modified plants since 1996 Example: adding bacterial genes that produce Bt toxin - kills insects No pesticides needed Higher crop yields Resistance to herbicides, viral infections, rot and spoilage Some being made to produce plastics GM Animals 30% of milk produced by cows modified with hormones that increase milk production Pigs that produce leaner meat , high levels of omega-3 Salmon with extra growth hormone to make them grow quicker Canada – goats that produce silk Goat milk with antibacterial enzymes GM Animals Scientists hoping to clone transgenic animals to increase food supply and save endangered species 2008 – gov’t allowed sale of meat and milk from cloned animals Avoid complications of traditional breeding, duplicate exactly Preventing Disease Making more nutritious plants Producing antibodies to fight disease Make proteins we need Medical Research Transgenic animals used as test subjects Study defective genes, disease progression Conduct drug tests Treating Disease Recombinant DNA technology used to make human proteins to treat disease – human growth hormone, insulin, bloodclotting factor, cancer-fighting proteins Also gene therapy – the process of changing a gene to treat a medical disease or disorder Absent or faulty gene replaced with a normal, working gene Treating Disease Very risky Need a more reliable way to insert working genes Make sure it’s not harmful Genetic Testing Hundreds of diseases/disorders can be tested for Some use labeled DNA probes that can detect disease-causing alleles Some search for changes in cutting sequences Some use PCR to detect differences in length between normal and abnormal alleles Examining Active Genes Not every gene is active in ever cell all the time Understand how cells function by studying active genes using DNA microarray technology - measures level of activity of genes DNA Microarray Glass slide or silicon chip to which spots of single-stranded DNA are attached – each spot with a different DNA fragment Colored tags label source of DNA DNA Microarray Red spots = more cancer mRNA Green spots = more normal mRNA Yellow spots = both Personal Identification No 2 individuals are genetically identical (except identical twins) Regions of chromosomes contain repeated sequences that do not code for proteins that differ from person to person Personal Identification DNA fingerprinting analyzes sections of DNA that have little/no function but that vary widely from one individual to another Use REs to cut DNA into fragments, electrophoresis to separate fragments Personal Identification DNA probe detects fragments with highly variable regions If enough probe/enzyme combos are used, resulting banding pattern can be used to distinguish a person DNA from any tissue can be used Forensic Science Forensics = study of crime scene evidence Uses DNA fingerprinting to solve crimes, overturn convictions Wildlife conservation Establishing Relationships When genes are passed parent to child, the markers used in DNA fingerprinting are scrambled Y chromosome, however, passed directly from father to son with few changes – paternity tests Pieces of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) also passed from mother to child directly – 2 people with the same mtDNA share a common maternal ancestor