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Recap: Modern cloning techniques What are the 4 techniques humans use to clone organisms? • • • • Scientists have recently cloned a mouse that had died and been frozen for 16 years. (a) Explain what is meant by a clone. (2) (b) The scientists used an egg cell from a living mouse and the genetic material from a brain cell of the frozen mouse. Describe how the process of adult cell cloning could be used to clone the frozen mouse. (3) (c) People could ask scientists to use this technique to clone long-dead relatives, whose bodies have been deep-frozen. Most people would be opposed to cloning a human from a deep-frozen, long-dead relative. Give one reason why. (1) (Total 6 marks) a) genetically identical / same DNA / same chromosomes gains 2 marks accept identical without reference to genetic material for 1 mark 2 (b) remove nucleus from egg allow use empty egg cell 1 insert genetic material / nucleus /DNA / chromosomes from frozen mouse do not allow if reference to sperm 1 electric shock or allow to divide or insert into womb / uterus 1 (c) ethical / religious / emotional reasons or not known if it is safe / long term effects not known ignore playing God / unnatural / immoral 1 [6] Organisms can be produced by asexual reproduction and by sexual reproduction. (a) Give two differences between asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction. (2) (b) Adult cell cloning is a type of asexual reproduction. Explain why. (2) (Total 4 marks) any two from: • no fusion in asexual or sexual involves fusion accept no fertilisation in asexual or fertilisation in sexual or no mixing of genetic information in asexual or mixing of genetic information in sexual accept genes / alleles / chromosomes / genetics for genetic information or asexual involves splitting (of one individual) • no gametes in asexual or sexual involves gametes accept named gametes • only one parent in asexual or sexual involves two parents • no variation in asexual or asexual produces clones or sexual leads to variations allow offspring of sexual have characteristics of both parents for this point ignore sexual intercourse ignore external / internal ignore plants / animals ignore mitosis / meiosis 2 (b) nucleus of egg removed or involves empty egg cell 1 so only one nucleus or one set of genetic information / genes / chromosomes or so genetic information / genes / chromosomes from one parent only 1 [4] Benefits of adult cell cloning • Cloning of animals that useful characteristics e.g. fast race horses/ cows that produce large amounts of milk • Cloning of animals that have been genetically engineered to produce useful proteins in their milk • Save animals from extinction, or bring back extinct species • Clone pets or prized animals Disadvantages of adult cell cloning • Long term effects? • Ethically questionable- should we create new life? + Involves discarding lots of embryos • Could lead to shortened life span/ illnesses such as arthritis in the cloned animals • Variety reduced in the population Evaluate the use of adult cell cloning Pros: Cons: Conclusion: Genetic Engineering Learning Objective: In order to be successful in this lesson you must be able to: Evaluate the use of genetic engineering Genetic engineering Define genetic engineering Describe the process of genetic engineering in bacteria PROGRESS Evaluate the use of genetic engineering Golden GM rice has been developed to solve the problem of blindness in children who lack vitamin A Disease resistant potatoes Corn that resists herbivore attack Genetic modification Genetic modification (GM, also called genetic engineering) involves taking a gene from one species and putting it into another species. It involves these steps: • • • • selection of the desired characteristic isolation of the gene responsible for the characteristic insertion of the gene into another organism replication of the transgenic organism Model using plasticine/ paper. Making human insulin: http://www.kscience.c o.uk/animations/maki ng_insulin.htm Evaluate the use of genetic engineering If a person has a faulty gene, they may have a genetic disorder. If the correct gene can be transferred too the person, they could be cured. GM crops include ones which are resistant to herbicides or to insects. Some people are concerned about accidently introducing genes into wild flower populations Several medical drugs have been produced by genetic engineering, such as insulin. GM crops have a bigger yield, but farmers have to buy new GM seed every year because crops are infertile. Insects which are not pests may be affected by GM crops Many people worry about the effects of GM crops on human health.