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Operant Conditioning Mr. Koch AP Psychology Forest Lake High School Operant Conditioning • Type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by reinforcement or diminished if followed by punishment – (aka - Instrumental Conditioning) • Antecedent → Behavior → Consequence (stimulus) (response) – Law of Effect (Thorndike) • Principle that behaviors followed by: – Favorable consequences → more likely – Unfavorable consequences → less likely B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) Skinner Box (aka Operant Chamber) • Controlled environment with a bar or key for animal to manipulate to obtain food/water reinforcer • Contains devices to record responses Operant Conditioning • Reinforcement – Any event that strengthens the behavior it follows • Positive Reinforcement – Increases frequency of behavior by adding a pleasant stimulus • Ex: Money, praise, prizes, attention • Negative Reinforcement – Increases frequency of behavior by removing an unpleasant (aversive) stimulus • Ex: Aspirin, giving in to tantrum, faking sick, drugs to avoid withdrawal Operant Conditioning • Primary Reinforcer – Innately reinforcing stimulus (satisfies a biological need) • Ex: food, water, relief from pain, etc. • Secondary Reinforcer (aka - Conditioned Reinforcer) – Gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer • Ex: money, grades, etc. Operant Conditioning • Shaping – Reinforcing a series of behaviors which progressively become more specific and similar to desired response • (guide toward closer approximations of desired goal) • Note: – What is reinforcing to one may not be to another • Depends upon perspective of learner – Ex: suspension; forced to stay after school Schedules of Reinforcement • Continuous Reinforcement – Reinforcing desired response every time it occurs • + acquire quickly • - extinct quickly • Partial (intermittent) Reinforcement – Reinforcing part of the time • - acquire slower • + extinct slower Schedules of Reinforcement (Partial Reinforcement) • Fixed-Ratio schedule – Reinforced after certain number of responses – Ex: piecework, bonus paid for selling certain # items • Variable-Ratio schedule – Reinforcement after an unpredictable number of responses • Very hard to extinguish – Ex: gambling, fishing, hitchhiking Schedules of Reinforcement (Partial Reinforcement) • Fixed-Interval schedule – Reinforce a response after a set period of time has elapsed • Ex: payday, mail delivery, school schedule • Variable-Interval schedule – Reinforce a response at unpredictable time intervals • Ex: pop quiz, random drug tests, waiting for taxi Punishment • An event that decreases the strength of a behavior it follows • Aversive Conditioning – using punishment to teach • Positive Punishment – Adding an unpleasant (aversive) stimulus to decrease behavior • Ex: spanking, electric shock • Negative Punishment – Removing a pleasant/desirable stimulus to decrease behavior • Ex: time out, grounding Punishment • Problems with punishment: – Tells us what not to do, not what to do – May teach avoidance, fear, or aggression – If punishment is unpredictable, unavoidable – get sense it is beyond our control • May lead to depression, helplessness – Better to emphasize reinforcement Operant Conditioning • Avoidance Conditioning – Undesirable behavior not yet present • subject taught to avoid stimulus • Counter-conditioning – Undesirable behaviors already learned • Seek a new response – unlearn old behavior