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Download Emotions The issues • Innate or learned? • Voluntary or involuntary
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Emotions The issues • Innate or learned? • Voluntary or involuntary? • Adaptive behavior or communication • Emotional expression VS emotional experience • Do animals have emotions? Measuring emotions • Behavior (emotional display) • Autonomic system (heart rate, breathing, sweating). The polygraph) • Endocrine system (hormone levels, E, NE) Facilitation cascade: one level triggers another o Endocrine -> autonomic -> behavior The Four Theories • Common sense view • James- Lange view: feelings are after physiological reactions • Canon-Bard View • Modern Bio psychological View Limbic System • A network of structures involved in the experience and expression of emotions o Limbic cortex (cingulate and part prefrontal cortex) o Fornix o Mammillary body (part of the hypothalamus) o Amygdala o Hippocampus Modern theory (LeDoux): two pathways • 2 routes to the amygdala o fast (‘gut reactions’): stimulus -> thalamus -> amygdala -> response o slow (‘cognitive’): stimulus -> thalamus -> primary sensory cortex -> association cortex -> hippocampus > amygdala -> response Auditory Fear Conditioning • Fear can be learned or innate • • • Conditioning: association between a neutral cue (tone, aka conditional stimulus), and a relevant negative stimulus (aka unconditional stimulus, electrical foot shocks) o Measure: freezing behavior when hearing the tone o Abolished by lesions of the (lateral) amygdala Amygdala involved in the acquisition (learning) of fear http://www.keywordsuggestions.com/YW15Z2RhbGEgYW5kIGZlYXI/ • Good animal model: many studies have shown that the pathways for auditory fear work well for humans as well Extinction of fear: VentroMedical prefrontal cortex • Extinction: repeated presentation of the tone alone, after learning • Extinction is not forgetting • Emotional learning (in rats) is permanent • Ventromedial prefrontal cortex is actively involved in extinction of fear (rats and humans) Emotion: The Amygdala • The lateral nucleus of the amygdala o Inputs: cortex (primary and association), thalamus and hippocampus o Outputs: striatum (reinforcement learning) and prefrontal cortex (planning, extinction) o Involvement: emotional learning, reward perception, auditory fear conditioning, conditioned taste aversion • The central nucleus of the amygdala o Inputs: internal amygdala o Output: Hypothalamus, midbrain (PAG), pons, medulla o Involvement: lesion and stimulation studies show that CE is involved in the expression of negative emotions and emotional learning, also involved in long term stress • Specifically: lateral hypothalamus, ventral tegmental area, locus coeruleus (NE), PAG, facial motor nuclei Amygdala and Fear • Evidence o Animal: stimulation of the hypothalamus: fear/attack expression (sham rage) o Human: stimulation of amygdala (during neurosurgery): fear experience o Human damage to amygdala: decrease in startle response and emotional memory, Alzheimer’s patients memory for emotional events is impaired and correlated with amygdala damage o Human fMRI: amygdala is active during the perception of damage Aggressive behaviors • The expression of aggressive behaviors is genetically programmed. Species specific (hissing, biting, shouting…). In humans it can be learned • Threat behaviors – toward same species: emotional, social hierarchy • Defensive behaviors – same as threat behaviors • Predation- toward other species: not emotional • The cause of aggressive behavior is partly genetic (sexual/reproductive bases), and partly environmental (learning, past experiences) Neural Control of aggressive behaviors • Serotonin: inhibits aggression and risk taking behaviors • Measure levels of 5HT metabolite in CSF (5HIAA) in rhesus monkeys • Human: Prozac is effective at decreasing aggressive and antisocial behaviors • Human: twin studies show a genetic basis Emotion: the ventral- frontal cortex • Aggression: the frontal cortex • Anatomy o Ventromedial prefrontal cortex= orbito-frontal cortex + cingulate o Phineas Gage • Evidence and theory • Accidental destruction of the orbito (prefrontal cortex) • Cognitively normal (e.g. intact learning, normal intellectual abilities). Childish, irresponsible, selfish and inappropriate behavior Ethics and moral judgment • The trolley dilemma: saving lives by sacrifice o vmPFC involved in ‘personal’ moral judgment o Possible explanation for some types of criminal behaviors Lobotomies • 1935: Becky the monkey • 1949: Egas Moniz and frontal lobotomies: reduction of anxiety, obsessions and compulsions • about 50,000-100,000 cases worldwide • 1960s: SSRI’s and anti-depressants. A pharmacological solution to psychotic behaviors • Lobotomies are banned in some countries (Russia) still legal but barley used in Europe and US (Neurosurgery for mental disorders) Summary • vmPFC: takes high level sensory information, matches them to social standards and plans emotional actions • Lesions-> social judgments can be done in theory, but not in practice What if we had a quiz • The Vento medial hypothalamus is involved in maternal behaviors T • A patient with androgen insensitivity syndrome with look female T • The Ventro Medial Prefrontal cortex is involved in (impersonal, personal, neutral) moral judgments. Surgical lesion of the orbitofrontal cortex is called lobotomies • The central nucleus of the amygdala o Is involved in the expression of emotions