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Re cap 5 minutes - write a summary (can use diagrams) of what you can recall from last weeks lesson. Learning objectives ● Be able to describe exothermic and endothermic chemical reactions ● Be able to explain the importance of coupled chemical reactions in metabolism ● Be familiar with the terms oxidation and reduction Energy in Chemical Reactions Energy Content of products Energy Energy Energy Content of reactants Energy Content of products progress of reaction Energy Content of reactants progress of reaction Enzymes work by lowering the energy of activation. Coupled Chemical Reactions Coupling of exothermic and endothermic reaction allows energy released by reaction to start another ATP Glucose energy ADP + Pi Glucose – 6 - P OXIDATION REDUCTION - Addition of oxygen - Removal of oxygen - Loss of hydrogen - Gaining hydrogen - Loss of electrons - Gaining electrons OILRIG Oxidation is the loss of electrons; reduction is the gain of electrons C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H2O Respiration is the oxidation of carbon (glucose) NAD and FAD are electron acceptors during respiration NAD+ + e- NADH + H+ FAD + e- FADH2 Oxidised or reduced? + NAD + e NADH + + H reduced FAD + e- FADH2 reduced Reduced NADH and FADH2 are important as they carry electrons which power other stages of respiration. Class activity Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) FAD FADH2 NAD NADH Class activity Move around the class displaying what you are? Oxidised or reduced? How could we develop this idea? Learning objectives ● Be able to describe exothermic and endothermic chemical reactions ● Be able to explain the importance of coupled chemical reactions in metabolism ● Be familiar with the terms oxidation and reduction FAD FADH2 NAD NADH Learning objectives ● Be able to draw a schematic overview of cellular respiration ● Be able to describe the metabolic pathway from glucose to pyruvate during glycolysis ● be able to analyse the energy transduction that occurs during glycolysis Cell Metabolism Respiration: overview Cell Metabolism Respiration: overview FERMENTATION ANAEROBIC GLYCOLYSIS Glucose O2 H2O AEROBIC LINK REACTION KREB CYCLE ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN Glucose P P P P P P P P P P Stage 1: Activation of glucose By phosphorylation Glucose ATP ATP ADP ADP Phosphorylated glucose Stage 2: Splitting of Phosphorylated glucose P P Triose phosphate P Triose phosphate P Triose phosphate P Stage 3: Oxidation of the triose phosphate P NAD+ NAD+ NADH P Stage 4: Production of ATP Triose phosphate P NADH ADP + + ADP ATP ATP + ADP ADP + ATP ATP Pyruvate Pyruvate P P Yield from GLYCOLYSIS Input Output Glucose 2 Pyruvate 2 ATP 4 ATP 2 NAD 2 NADH Learning objectives ● Be able to draw a schematic overview of cellular respiration ● Be able to describe the metabolic pathway from glucose to pyruvate during glycolysis ● be able to analyse the energy transduction that occurs during glycolysis Learning objectives ● Be able to describe the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration ● Be able to recall which different subcellular compartment are involved in aerobic and anaerobic respiration ● Be able to explain the biological importance of anaerobic respiration Anaerobic Respiration GLYCOLYSIS O2 H2O AEROBIC Glucose LINK REACTION KREB CYCLE ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN O2 GLYCOLYSIS AEROBIC Glucose LINK REACTION KREB CYCLE H2O ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN O2 GLYCOLYSIS AEROBIC Glucose LINK REACTION KREB CYCLE ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN Anaerobic Respiration FERMENTATION GLYCOLYSIS Glucose Why does Anaerobic respiration occur? Anaerobic Respiration Why does Anaerobic respiration occur? ● To enable continued glycolysis ● To recycle NAD for glycolysis NO ● Note, there is production of ATP (energy) during anaerobic respiration. Anaerobic Respiration Two types of anaerobic respiration Alcoholic fermentation Lactic acid fermentation Alcoholic fermentation glucose Producing ethanol from pyruvate regenerates oxidised NAD and allows glycolysis to continue triose phosphate NAD NADH pyruvate NADH ethanal CO2 NAD Alcohol dehydrogenase ethanol Lactic acid fermentation glucose triose phosphate Producing lactate from pyruvate regenerates oxidised NAD and allows glycolysis to continue NAD NADH pyruvate NADH Oxygen Debt? NAD lactate dehydrogenase lactate Learning objectives ● Be able to describe the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration ● Be able to recall which different subcellular compartment are involved in aerobic and anaerobic respiration ● Be able to explain the biological importance of anaerobic respiration Learning objectives ● Be able to describe the reactions that occur as pyruvate enters the mitochondria ● Be able to explain the energy transduction during the link reaction Aerobic Respiration O2 GLYCOLYSIS AEROBIC Glucose LINK REACTION KREB CYCLE H2O ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN ● with oxygen available the pyruvate enters the mitochondria Aerobic Respiration AEROBIC Glucose LINK REACTION O2 H2O LINK REACTION Pyruvate Coenzyme A (CoA) NAD NADH CO2 Acetyl CoA ● Remember glycolysis produces 2 molecules of pyruvate per molecule of glucose. Yield from LINK REACTION Input Output 2 pyruvate 2 Acetyl CoA 2 CO2 2 NAD 2 NADH Learning objectives ● Be able to describe the reactions that occur as pyruvate enters the mitochondria ● Be able to explain the energy transduction during the link reaction