Download 200 THINGS TO KNOW AP Biology TEST

150 THINGS TO KNOW FOR THE AP BIOLOGY TEST
TEST HINTS:
1. Realize that you will not know everything but no penalty for guessing so answer each m/c
2. Narrow the m/c to 2 answers
3. Don’t know anything about the m/c , take your best stab at an answer and move on.
4. Don’t screw up on your bubble sheet!
4. Essays: write something on all essays
1. remember on graphs: independent and dependent variable
2. write in essay form in order of the questions.
3. Put the letter of the question before the essay a,b,c,d,etc.
4. Use specific terminology and explain in as much detail as possible.
1. Punctuated Equilibrium: macro evolution ( major groups disappear and appear in the fossil record)
Ex. Flowering plants, dinosaurs, vascular plants
2. Endo-symbiont theory
3. Reverse Transcriptase: retro virus
4. Cell respiration vs Photosynthesis equation
O2 + C6H12O6 -- 6CO2 + 6H2O
5. Adaptive radiation: organisms adapt to new niches w/in the same habitat due to Selective pressures
6. Spermatogenesis vs Oogenesis
7. Cohesive and Adhesive factors of water (also high specific heat)
8. Respiration vs Transpiration vs perspiration
9. BOD and Dissolved oxygen
10. Agonistic behavior: aggressive or submissive behaviors towards other animals
11. Taxis vs kinesis movement due to a stimulus vs random movement
12. Hardy Weinberg equilibrium: 5 conditions met then there will be no change in gene frequencies
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p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 : p + q = 1 where p = dominant allele frequency in pop and q = recessive freq.
14. Chi Square X = ∑( o – e )2
Degrees of freedom for science probability use 0.05
e
15. Homology vs analogy
16. Stomata : place on bottom of leaf where gas transfer occurs ( guard cells)
17. Guttation vs transpiration
18. Plant hormones: (auxin, gibberellins, cytokinins) stims (ethylene, abscisic acid) inhibs
19. Xylem vs phloem = vascular tissues in plants
20. Meristems: actively dividing cells in plants ( apical and lateral meristems)
21. Allosteric vs regular enzymes active sites vs regulatory sites
22. Lac Operon a set of genes that regulates the metabolism of lactose in Escherichia Coli
23. Convergent vs divergent evolution Convergent: bird wing: fly wing Divergent Whale flip: horse leg
24. Chemiosmosis : Chemiosmotic phosphorylation :oxidative phosphorylation
25. Electrochemical gradient
26. pH = concentration of hydronium ions H+
27. Q 10 = 10 degree increase in temperature double enzymatic activity
28. C-3 , C-4 , CAM plants: adaptations and types C-4 stores 1 extra carbon
29. Dihybrid cross 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratios unless linkage is happening
30. Lysogenic vs lytic cycles of viruses
31. Antibiotics interfere with the cell wall construction of bacteria
32. Vaccines : are an injection of attenuated virus that triggers the secondary immune response
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Primary and Secondary immune response: b-lymphocytes and t-lymphocytes
DNA polymerase works to put nucleotides together in a 5’ to 3’ direction ( reads the 3’to 5’)
Lagging strand leading strand during DNA replication
Okazaki fragments :
Genetic drift
Founder effect
Introns and exons : found on DNA ( removed in RNA)
Photosynthetic pigments: chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b , carotenoids (carotene)
Cytochrome system ( is the electron transport system) ( cytochrome pigments embedded in the plasma
membrane that moves electrons )
P 680 p700 (photosystem I and photosystem II)
Kreb cycle is the citric acid cycle
Cladograms : ingroup, outgroup, taxon
3 domains: archaea eubacteria eukarya
DNA enzymes : Primase, helicase, topoisomerase, polymerase
Fatty acid ---- phospholipid----- triglyceride structures
Unsaturated vs saturated fatty acids
Fluid mosaic model of plasma membranes
Active transport vs passive transport vehicles ( pumps)
Endocytosis vs exocytosis
Carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids , proteins
Cho, cho, chonp, chons
Protein structure: primary , secondary, tertiary, quaternary
Ph and temperature graphs of enzyme activity
Stanley Miller and Harold Urey experiment: early earth’s atmosphere CH4, H2,NH3, H2O no free O2
Nephron
Sodium potassium pump , calcium pump
Reverse transcriptase ( retroviruses)
Cell tonicity : iso, hypo, hyper, osmotic potential
LUCA last universal common ancestor
coccus , bacillus, spirillum
Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes
Cyanobacteria are believed to have produced the first free oxygen on earth
Microtubules, Microfilaments, intermediate filaments
Cytoskeleton vs cytosol
Restriction enzymes
Prokaryotes: 1 replication bubble
Eukaryotes: many replication bubbles
Heterotrophs vs autotrophs ( chemoautotrophs vs photoautotrophs)
Leaf structure
Oxidation vs reduction (if it gains an H it is most likely reduced) LEO goes GER
Energy intermediates ATP & GTP
7kcals /n per bond 2 high energy bonds per ATP molecule
3 parts of a nucleotide
Basal body of a cilium or flagellum
Four main plant tissues: meristem , ground tissues, epidermis, vascular
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Levels of organization and a phylum at each cellular, tissue, organ , system
Protostomate and deuterostomate
Aerobic vs anaerobic respiration
fermentation
Glycolysis pyruvate acetyl Co A , Citric Acid , Oxaloacetic acid , NADH, FADH2
Stoma vs Stroma
Calvin cycle : dark rxns of photosynthesis ( carbon fixation)
Eutrophication cultural vs natural
Oligotrophic lakes and eutrophic lakes
photophosphorylation
PGA and PGAL
C4 plants outcompete C3 in high sunlight because they store extra Carbon to use when CO2 conc low.
CAM plants are desert succulents ( cactus) stomata close during day open at night to avoid dessication) ( C3
and C4 plants stomata opened up during day)
91. C4 uses 5ATP per molecule C3 only use 3ATP per molecule ( more efficient)
92. C4 sugarcane, corn
93. Telomere: region of repetitive DNA at the end of DNA molecule ( increases longevity of the molecule
94. Bacterial transformation
95. Transposable elements
96. Repetitive DNA
97. TATA box: usually followed by 3 adenine bases usually binding site of RNA polymerase ( virtually
unchanged over time) 5’- TATAAAA-3’
98. Plasmid
99. Sticky ends of DNA
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Introns are removed in the process of transcription
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Replication, transcription, translation , translocation
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Codons, anticodons, aminoacyl attachment site stop codons 3 start codon 1 aug
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Methylation keeps genes turned off
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Proto-oncogenes and oncogenes
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Totipotent and multipotent
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Asexual reproduction parthenogenesis, binary fission, budding
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Nondisjunction
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Humoral and cellular immune responses
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Specific and nonspecific immune responses
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Primary and secondary immune responses
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Striated, cardiac, smooth muscle tissue
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Endocrine system: thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary
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Platelets, erythrocytes, leukocytes
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Open and closed circulatory systems
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Double loop circulatory systems
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PMAT
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Chiasmata , crossing over
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G1, S G2
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Interkinesis
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Cytokinesis
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Neurochemical transmitters acetyl choline
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Synaptic gap
Neuron 3 parts
Clearly know Mendel’s laws: (1st) Law of Segregation, (2nd) Law of Independent assortment
Linkage groups
Codominance (both alleles expressed, incomplete dominance(blending),
sex linked traits, sex influenced traits
Invertebrate phyla porifera, cnidaria, platyhelminthes, nematode, mollusca,
Arthropoda, annelida, echinodermata
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Acoelomate, pseudocoelomate, coelomate
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Translocation and nondisjunction
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Behavioral, structural , physiological adaptations
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R Strategists, k strategists
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Primary succession, secondary succession
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Flower parts: Pistil= stigma + style : anther stamen
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Climax community
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S curve, j curve ( predator prey curves)
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Biomes and ecosystems
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Temperate , tropical , polar
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Excretory fluids, ammonia, uric acid, urea
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Gymnosperms vs angiosperms
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Dicotyledons vs monocotyledons
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Fire maintained ecosystems
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Biomass pyramid
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Producers, consumers, decomposers
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Homeothermic organisms poilikothermic organisms ( endo vs ecto)
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Trophic levels
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Deuterostomates vs protostomate development
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Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny
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SnRNPs: spliceosomes (small nuclear ribonucleoproteins) : These are segments of protein and RNA
that are responsible for removal of Introns
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HOX genes: shows that the same genes common across a large number of species: supports the idea of
evolution