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 Etiology- what causes a disorder Psychoanalytic (Freud)definition and dynamics of personality
development- free association, dream analysis, repression and
unconscious forces, infantile sexuality, resistance, transference,
division of psyche:
o Ego- prevents us from acting on our basic urges, mediates
the demands of the id
o Id- unconscious, satisfies basic urges, desires, and needs
o Superego- acts socially appropriately, contradicts the id,
sense of right and wrong
 synaptic cleft- the gap between the two neurons communicating with
one another. This is where the neurotransmitters are passed from
one neuron to another
 parts of the neuron
 soma- Cell Body
 Dendrites- receives messages
 Axon- transmits messages away from the cell body to other neurons
 Axon terminal- divides at the ends of the axons Synaptic vesicles- hold neurotransmitters before they are released
 Synapse- where neurons communicate
 Transport protein- sends neurotransmitters back into the synaptic
cleft
 MAO- monoamin oxidase- “gobbles” neurotransmitters in the
synaptic cleft
 behavioral theory
o etiology of a disordero treated with conditioning (classical and operant)
 Axis I, II, III, IV, V
 Axis I- Clinical Disorders: (can come and go like depression,
ADHD, learning disorders)
 Axis II: Personality Disorders (stay forever and affect daily life)
 Axis III: General Medical Conditions (distinguish b/w symptom and
condition/disorder)
o can be the cause of a disorder
o can act as a stressor
o can make managing the disorder more difficult (maybe you
can’t take a medicine)
o unrelated
o (examples: lupus, flu, psoriosis, etc)
 Axis IV: Psychosocial and Environmental Problems
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o Any stressors
 Parents, social environment, housing, economic,
educational/occupational, etc.
 Axis V: Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF)
o 2 things to consider- stress and impairment.
generalized anxiety disorder: excessive anxiety and worry for 6
months about basically everything
o 3 or more symptoms including: restlessness, easily
fatigued, difficulty concentrating/mind going blank, irritability,
muscle tension, sleep deprivation
Panic Disorders with Agoraphobia: have had panic attacks which
causes a fear of them which prevents you from going outside.
Panic Disorders without Agoraphobia: have had panic attacks, but it
does not prevent you from going outside
Agoraphobia without a history of Panic Disorder: never had a panic
attack, but afraid to
specific phobia- fear of a certain object of situation.
 Animal
 Natural environment (heights, storms, water)
 Situational (airplanes, elevators, enclosed places)
 Blood-injection-injury (only ones that cause fainting)
 Other types (choking, vomiting, loud sounds, costumed characters,
contracting illness)
social phobia
 speaking in public
 performance-related and link to embarrassment
nature of a psychological disorder
DSMsystematic desensitization
 behavioral therapy, slower than ERP
Exposure with Response Prevention Expose the person to their fear and prevent response (ERP)need to stay focused on feared object for it to work
Anxiety disorderTarasoff ruling
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