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Etiology- what causes a disorder Psychoanalytic (Freud)definition and dynamics of personality development- free association, dream analysis, repression and unconscious forces, infantile sexuality, resistance, transference, division of psyche: o Ego- prevents us from acting on our basic urges, mediates the demands of the id o Id- unconscious, satisfies basic urges, desires, and needs o Superego- acts socially appropriately, contradicts the id, sense of right and wrong synaptic cleft- the gap between the two neurons communicating with one another. This is where the neurotransmitters are passed from one neuron to another parts of the neuron soma- Cell Body Dendrites- receives messages Axon- transmits messages away from the cell body to other neurons Axon terminal- divides at the ends of the axons Synaptic vesicles- hold neurotransmitters before they are released Synapse- where neurons communicate Transport protein- sends neurotransmitters back into the synaptic cleft MAO- monoamin oxidase- “gobbles” neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft behavioral theory o etiology of a disordero treated with conditioning (classical and operant) Axis I, II, III, IV, V Axis I- Clinical Disorders: (can come and go like depression, ADHD, learning disorders) Axis II: Personality Disorders (stay forever and affect daily life) Axis III: General Medical Conditions (distinguish b/w symptom and condition/disorder) o can be the cause of a disorder o can act as a stressor o can make managing the disorder more difficult (maybe you can’t take a medicine) o unrelated o (examples: lupus, flu, psoriosis, etc) Axis IV: Psychosocial and Environmental Problems o Any stressors Parents, social environment, housing, economic, educational/occupational, etc. Axis V: Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) o 2 things to consider- stress and impairment. generalized anxiety disorder: excessive anxiety and worry for 6 months about basically everything o 3 or more symptoms including: restlessness, easily fatigued, difficulty concentrating/mind going blank, irritability, muscle tension, sleep deprivation Panic Disorders with Agoraphobia: have had panic attacks which causes a fear of them which prevents you from going outside. Panic Disorders without Agoraphobia: have had panic attacks, but it does not prevent you from going outside Agoraphobia without a history of Panic Disorder: never had a panic attack, but afraid to specific phobia- fear of a certain object of situation. Animal Natural environment (heights, storms, water) Situational (airplanes, elevators, enclosed places) Blood-injection-injury (only ones that cause fainting) Other types (choking, vomiting, loud sounds, costumed characters, contracting illness) social phobia speaking in public performance-related and link to embarrassment nature of a psychological disorder DSMsystematic desensitization behavioral therapy, slower than ERP Exposure with Response Prevention Expose the person to their fear and prevent response (ERP)need to stay focused on feared object for it to work Anxiety disorderTarasoff ruling Privacy Ethics