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Cellular Respiration Bio II Ch 8 Biel http://www.clickatutor.com/mitochondria.jpg Slide shows modified from: Glenbrook High School AP site http://gbs.glenbrook.k12.il.us/Academics/gbssci/bio/apbio/Index/index.htm & Dr. Chuck Downing http://gohs.tvusd.k12.ca.us/TeacherWebs/Science/CDowning/default.aspx http://www.inclusive.co.uk/downloads/images/pics2/tree.gif AUTOTROPHS ___________ use energy from sunlight or chemicals to make their own food In the last chapter green plants PHOTOSYNTHESIS used ________________ sunlight trap energy from __________ food (glucose) and make ______________ http://206.173.89.42/REALTYWITHALOHA_COM/piphoto/funny%20sun%20with%20sunglasses.gif Image from: http://ag.ansc.purdue.edu/sheep/ansc442/Semprojs/2003/spiderlamb/eatsheep.gif In this chapter we will learn how HETEROTROPHS ______________ get their energy by consuming other organisms. GLUCOSE We get our energy from the __________ plants made during _______________ PHOTOSYNTHESIS when we eat plants or eat animals that ate the plants. http://www.cibike.org/Eating.htm In this chapter, we will learn how broken down by this glucose is ____________ energy organisms and the _______ is stored as _______ ATP What kind of organisms do this? ALL LIVING THINGS NEED ENERGY! All organisms burn glucose for fuel plants fungi Animals (Including humans) bacteria PHOTOSYNTHESIS 6___________ CO2 +6_________ H2O + ___________ C6H12O6 + __________ 6O2 →_______________ CELLULAR RESPIRATION C6H12O6 + _________ 6 CO2 + __________ 6 H2O + __________ 6O2 →________ _____________ The two equations are exact opposites! ______________________________________________________________ http://www1.istockphoto.com/file_thumbview_approve/777814/2/istockphoto_777814_oil_bonus_pack.jpg REMEMBER: OIL RIG OXIDATION Is Loss of electrons Remove H Releases energy Exergonic REDUCTION Is Gain of electrons Add H Stores energy Endergonic OXIDATION Loss of hydrogen atoms Energy Gain of hydrogen atoms REDUCTION CELLULAR RESPIRATION happens __________ slowly in ________________. many steps If all the energy was released in one step… most would be lost as ____________________! light and heat See why cells use cellular respiration http://plato.acadiau.ca/COURSES/comm/g5/Fire_Animation.gif ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN • Prevents energy release in 1 explosive step • Allows energy to be released slowly in steps and captured as ATP • Electron route: food → NADH → ETC → oxygen (to make H2O) MITOCHONDRIA = cell power plant Surrounded by ___________ DOUBLE membrane (Outer membrane & Inner membrane) CRISTAE (called _______________ ) Space between inner membrane & outer membrane INTERMEMBRANE SPACE = ____________________ Space inside cristae folds = _________________ MATRIX HIGH ENERGY ELECTRON CARRIERS FAD → FADH2 NAD+ → NADH Pathways in Aerobic Cellular Respiration Glycolysis • 1st step = __________________ aka Embden-Meyerhoff Pathway _____________________________ • 2nd step = ____________________ Transition Step Krebs Cycle • 3rd step = _____________ aka _________________ Citric Acid Cycle Electron Transport Chain • 4th step = _____________________ (Oxidative phosphorylation) The first step in cellular respiration GLYCOLYSIS = _______________ Also called _________________________________ Embden-Meyerhoff Pathway CYTOPLASM • happens in the ________________ outside the mitochondria • occurs _________________________ with or without oxygen See glycolysis movie • Details of glycolysis Steps 1 – 3 A fuel molecule is energized, using ATP. Glucose Step PREPARATORY PHASE (energy investment) 1 Glucose-6-phosphate 2 Fructose-6-phosphate 3 Fructose-1,6-diphosphate Step 4 A six-carbon intermediate splits into two three-carbon intermediates. 4 Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) ENERGY PAYOFF PHASE 5 Step 5 A redox reaction generates NADH. 6 Steps 6 – 9 ATP and pyruvic acid are produced. 1,3-Diphosphoglyceric acid (2 molecules) 7 3-Phosphoglyceric acid (2 molecules) 8 2-Phosphoglyceric acid (2 molecules) 2-Phosphoenolpyruvate (2 molecules) 9 Pyruvic acid (2 molecules per glucose molecule) Glycolysis (GLYKOS = ________ sweet LYSIS= ___________ Split apart ) ENERGY Requires ____________to get it started. SUBSTRATE LEVEL PHOSPHORYLATION = using energy from breaking a chemical bond to add MITOCHONDRION aP directly from a phosphorylated molecule to ADP without a proton gradient PYRUVIC ACID MOVES TO NEXT STEP = ANAEROBIC IF THERE IS NO OXYGEN (______________) IF THERE IS OXYGEN (_____________) = AEROBIC Cellular respiration •Glycolysis: cytosol; glucose → pyruvate •Kreb’s Cycle: •mitochondrial matrix; •pyruvate → CO2 •NADH made Electron Transport Chain: cristae; NADH & FADH2 donate electrons → oxygen Pyruvate is the end product of glycolysis. It is transported into mitochondrion and Acetyl CoA is produced in the transition step. (step 2) For each pyruvate converted into acetyl CoA 1 molecule of CO2 is released; NAD+ ---> NADH; Krebs Cycle AnimationCoenzyme A (from B vitamin) Kreb’s Cycle = Citric Acid Cycle Krebs Cycle Animation OAA CITRIC ACID Kreb’s Cycle • Oxaloacetate (OAA) combines with 2 C’s from Acetyl CoA to make Citric acid • CoA recycles • 2 C atoms from pyruvate → exit as CO2 For each pyruvate that enters: 2 CO2 released 3 NAD+ reduced to 3 NADH; 1 FAD+ reduced to 1 FADH2 (riboflavin, B vitamin); 1 ATP molecule Krebs Cycle For each pyruvate that enters: 2 CO2 released 3 NAD+ reduced to 3 NADH; 1 FAD+ reduced to 1 FADH2 (riboflavin, B vitamin); 1 ATP molecule So what does THIS ALL MEAN????? NADH and FADH2 Most of the ___________________is produced in the Krebs cycle. Not much immediate energy (only 1 ATP). Electron transport chain NADH More on Making ATP FADH2 • 3 places in the chain make ATP • Electrons from NADH start “higher” in the waterfall, so they generate more ATP than FADH2 electrons, which start “lower” in the waterfall and miss one ATP-generating step. Electron transport chain • NADH & FADH2 pass electrons down the ETC • Energy from moving electrons concentrates H+ intermembrane space ions in __________________ ATP synthase • ________________: harnesses the flow of H+ back into the matrix make ATP (oxidative phosphorylation) H O Oxygen 2 • ________ is final electron acceptor → ________ Cellular Respiration Grand Total • Glycolysis: →2 ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation) • Kreb’s Cycle:→ 2 ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation) • Electron transport & oxidative phosphorylation: 2 NADH (glycolysis) → 6ATP 2 NADH (acetyl CoA) →6ATP 6 NADH (Kreb’s) → 18 ATP 2 FADH2 (Kreb’s) → 4 ATP 38 TOTAL ATP from 1 molecule of glucose (-2 ATP to transport 2 pyruvate into mitochondria) NET of 36 ATP WHAT IF THERE IS NO OXYGEN? = ANAEROBIC IF THERE IS NO OXYGEN (______________) IF THERE IS OXYGEN (_____________) = AEROBIC Related metabolic processes Fermentation: • alcohol~ pyruvate →ethanol • lactic acid~ pyruvate → lactate ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION PYRUVIC _______ ACID +_____ ALCOHOL + ______ CO2 + NAD →__________ _____+ • Happens when yeast makes bread dough rise • CO2 bubbles make air spaces in bread • Alcohol evaporates during cooking http://www.deliciousdelicious.com/archives/herb%20bread%201.jpg ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION PYRUVIC _______ ACID +_____ ALCOHOL+ ______ CO2 + NAD →__________ _____+ Used to make alcoholic beverages http://www.firstpath.com/images/alcohol.jpg LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION PYRUVIC _______ ACID +_____ + LACTIC ACID NAD →______________ + ________ Happens in muscles during exercise when body can’t get oxygen to tissues fast enough. Lactic acid builds up in muscles causing stabbing pain! Ouch http://www.miranda.com/library.en/Images/Pictures/girls-runners.jpg LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION PYRUVIC _______ ACID +_____ + LACTIC ACID NAD →______________ + ________ Happens when bacteria are used to make foods and beverages like yogurt, cheese, buttermilk, sauerkraut, kimchi http://chronicle.augusta.com/images/headlines/032200/DANNON_YOGURT.jpg http://www.reillydairy.com/natural_cheese.html WHY DO FERMENTATION? WHY NOT JUST KEEP MAKING ATP USING GLYCOLYSIS? WITHOUT OXYGEN, PYRUVIC ACID builds up ___________ and all the NAD+ carriers get full. _______ Eventually glycolysis will NAD+ PYRUVIC ACID +_____ _______ + CO NAD →ALCOHOL __________ + ______ 2 + _____ LACTIC ACID + NAD ______ You get the NAD+ carriers back FERMENTATION HAPPENS so cells + REGENERATE the NAD can ____________________ needed to keep glycolysis going Organisms can use a variety of molecules for fuel Beta oxidation= __________________= breakdown of fatty acids into 2 carbon fragments that enter Krebs cycle as acetyl CoA 1 g of fat → twice as much ATP as 1 g of carbohydrate CHEMIOSMOSIS = Generation of ATP from a proton gradient. It occurs in all living things Chloroplasts do it to make ATP in light reactions Mitochondria do it to make ATP following ETC http://student.ccbcmd.edu/~gkaiser/biotutorials/energy/atpsynthase_il.html Prokaryotes create gradient across cell membrane to make ATP to pump nutrients & waste and move flagella PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION = Using hydrogen gradient generated by thylakoid membrane during the light reactions of photosynthesis to make ATP CHLOROPLAST OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION = using proton gradient created by electron transport chain in cristae membrane of mitochondria to make ATP MITOCHONDRION