Download bio II ch 8 brookings guided pp

Cellular Respiration
Bio II Ch 8 Biel
http://www.clickatutor.com/mitochondria.jpg
Slide shows modified from: Glenbrook High School AP site
http://gbs.glenbrook.k12.il.us/Academics/gbssci/bio/apbio/Index/index.htm
& Dr. Chuck Downing
http://gohs.tvusd.k12.ca.us/TeacherWebs/Science/CDowning/default.aspx
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AUTOTROPHS
___________ use energy from
sunlight or chemicals to make
their own food
In the last chapter green plants
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
used ________________
sunlight
trap energy from __________
food (glucose)
and make ______________
http://206.173.89.42/REALTYWITHALOHA_COM/piphoto/funny%20sun%20with%20sunglasses.gif
Image from: http://ag.ansc.purdue.edu/sheep/ansc442/Semprojs/2003/spiderlamb/eatsheep.gif
In this chapter we will learn how
HETEROTROPHS
______________
get their energy by
consuming other
organisms.
GLUCOSE
We get our energy from the __________
plants made during _______________
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
when we eat plants or eat animals
that ate the plants.
http://www.cibike.org/Eating.htm
In this chapter, we will learn how
broken down by
this glucose is ____________
energy
organisms and the _______
is stored
as _______
ATP
What kind of organisms do this?
ALL LIVING THINGS NEED ENERGY!
All organisms burn glucose for fuel
plants
fungi
Animals
(Including humans)
bacteria
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
6___________
CO2 +6_________
H2O
+ ___________
C6H12O6 + __________
6O2
→_______________
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
C6H12O6 + _________
6 CO2 + __________
6 H2O + __________
6O2 →________
_____________
The two equations are exact opposites!
______________________________________________________________
http://www1.istockphoto.com/file_thumbview_approve/777814/2/istockphoto_777814_oil_bonus_pack.jpg
REMEMBER: OIL RIG
OXIDATION
Is Loss of electrons
Remove H
Releases energy
Exergonic
REDUCTION
Is Gain of electrons
Add H
Stores energy
Endergonic
OXIDATION
Loss of hydrogen atoms
Energy
Gain of hydrogen atoms
REDUCTION
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
happens __________
slowly
in ________________.
many steps
If all the energy was released in
one step… most would be lost as
____________________!
light and heat
See why cells
use cellular respiration
http://plato.acadiau.ca/COURSES/comm/g5/Fire_Animation.gif
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
• Prevents energy release in 1 explosive step
• Allows energy to be released slowly in steps and
captured as ATP
• Electron route:
food → NADH → ETC → oxygen (to make H2O)
MITOCHONDRIA = cell power plant
Surrounded by ___________
DOUBLE membrane
(Outer membrane & Inner membrane)
CRISTAE
(called _______________
)
Space between inner membrane
& outer membrane
INTERMEMBRANE SPACE
= ____________________
Space inside cristae folds
= _________________
MATRIX
HIGH ENERGY ELECTRON CARRIERS
FAD → FADH2
NAD+ → NADH
Pathways in Aerobic Cellular
Respiration
Glycolysis
• 1st step = __________________
aka
Embden-Meyerhoff Pathway
_____________________________
• 2nd step = ____________________
Transition Step
Krebs Cycle
• 3rd step = _____________
aka
_________________
Citric Acid Cycle
Electron Transport Chain
• 4th step = _____________________
(Oxidative phosphorylation)
The first step in cellular respiration
GLYCOLYSIS
= _______________
Also called
_________________________________
Embden-Meyerhoff Pathway
CYTOPLASM
• happens in the ________________
outside the mitochondria
• occurs _________________________
with or without oxygen
See glycolysis movie
• Details of
glycolysis
Steps 1 – 3 A fuel
molecule is energized,
using ATP.
Glucose
Step
PREPARATORY
PHASE
(energy investment)
1
Glucose-6-phosphate
2
Fructose-6-phosphate
3
Fructose-1,6-diphosphate
Step 4 A six-carbon
intermediate splits into
two three-carbon
intermediates.
4
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
(G3P)
ENERGY PAYOFF
PHASE
5
Step 5 A redox
reaction generates
NADH.
6
Steps 6 – 9 ATP
and pyruvic acid
are produced.
1,3-Diphosphoglyceric acid
(2 molecules)
7
3-Phosphoglyceric acid
(2 molecules)
8
2-Phosphoglyceric acid
(2 molecules)
2-Phosphoenolpyruvate
(2 molecules)
9
Pyruvic acid
(2 molecules
per glucose molecule)
Glycolysis
(GLYKOS = ________
sweet LYSIS= ___________
Split apart )
ENERGY
Requires ____________to
get it started.
SUBSTRATE LEVEL PHOSPHORYLATION
= using energy from
breaking a chemical
bond to add MITOCHONDRION
aP
directly from a
phosphorylated
molecule
to ADP without
a proton gradient
PYRUVIC ACID MOVES TO NEXT STEP
= ANAEROBIC
IF THERE IS NO OXYGEN (______________)
IF THERE IS OXYGEN (_____________)
= AEROBIC
Cellular respiration
•Glycolysis:
cytosol;
glucose → pyruvate
•Kreb’s Cycle:
•mitochondrial matrix;
•pyruvate → CO2
•NADH made
Electron Transport Chain:
cristae;
NADH & FADH2 donate
electrons → oxygen
Pyruvate is the end product of glycolysis. It is
transported into mitochondrion and Acetyl
CoA is produced in the transition step. (step
2)
For each pyruvate converted into acetyl CoA
1 molecule of CO2 is released;
NAD+ ---> NADH;
Krebs Cycle AnimationCoenzyme A (from B vitamin)
Kreb’s Cycle =
Citric Acid Cycle
Krebs Cycle Animation
OAA
CITRIC ACID
Kreb’s Cycle
• Oxaloacetate (OAA) combines with 2 C’s
from Acetyl CoA to make Citric acid
• CoA recycles
• 2 C atoms from pyruvate → exit as CO2
For each pyruvate that enters:
2 CO2 released
3 NAD+ reduced to 3 NADH;
1 FAD+ reduced to 1 FADH2
(riboflavin, B vitamin);
1 ATP molecule
Krebs Cycle
For each pyruvate that enters:
2 CO2 released
3 NAD+ reduced to 3 NADH;
1 FAD+ reduced to 1 FADH2
(riboflavin, B vitamin);
1 ATP molecule
So what does THIS ALL MEAN?????
NADH and FADH2
Most of the ___________________is
produced in the Krebs cycle. Not much
immediate energy (only 1 ATP).
Electron transport chain
NADH
More on Making ATP
FADH2
• 3 places in the
chain make ATP
• Electrons from NADH start “higher” in the waterfall, so they
generate more ATP than FADH2 electrons, which
start “lower” in the waterfall and miss one ATP-generating step.
Electron transport chain
• NADH & FADH2 pass electrons down the ETC
• Energy from moving electrons concentrates H+
intermembrane space
ions in __________________
ATP synthase
• ________________:
harnesses the flow of H+
back into the matrix make ATP
(oxidative phosphorylation)
H
O
Oxygen
2
• ________ is final electron acceptor → ________
Cellular Respiration Grand Total
• Glycolysis: →2 ATP
(substrate-level phosphorylation)
• Kreb’s Cycle:→ 2 ATP
(substrate-level phosphorylation)
• Electron transport & oxidative phosphorylation:
2 NADH (glycolysis) → 6ATP
2 NADH (acetyl CoA) →6ATP
6 NADH (Kreb’s) → 18 ATP
2 FADH2 (Kreb’s) → 4 ATP
38 TOTAL ATP from 1 molecule of glucose
(-2 ATP to transport 2 pyruvate into mitochondria)
NET of 36 ATP
WHAT IF THERE IS NO OXYGEN?
= ANAEROBIC
IF THERE IS NO OXYGEN (______________)
IF THERE IS OXYGEN (_____________)
= AEROBIC
Related metabolic processes
Fermentation:
• alcohol~
pyruvate →ethanol
• lactic acid~
pyruvate → lactate
ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION
PYRUVIC
_______
ACID +_____
ALCOHOL + ______
CO2 + NAD
→__________
_____+
• Happens when yeast makes bread dough rise
• CO2 bubbles make air spaces in bread
• Alcohol evaporates during cooking
http://www.deliciousdelicious.com/archives/herb%20bread%201.jpg
ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION
PYRUVIC
_______
ACID +_____
ALCOHOL+ ______
CO2 + NAD
→__________
_____+
Used to make
alcoholic beverages
http://www.firstpath.com/images/alcohol.jpg
LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION
PYRUVIC
_______
ACID +_____
+
LACTIC
ACID
NAD
→______________ + ________
Happens in muscles during exercise
when body
can’t get oxygen to tissues
fast enough.
Lactic acid builds up in
muscles causing stabbing pain! Ouch
http://www.miranda.com/library.en/Images/Pictures/girls-runners.jpg
LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION
PYRUVIC
_______
ACID +_____
+
LACTIC
ACID
NAD
→______________ + ________
Happens when bacteria are
used to make foods and
beverages like yogurt, cheese,
buttermilk, sauerkraut, kimchi
http://chronicle.augusta.com/images/headlines/032200/DANNON_YOGURT.jpg
http://www.reillydairy.com/natural_cheese.html
WHY DO FERMENTATION?
WHY NOT JUST KEEP MAKING ATP USING
GLYCOLYSIS?
WITHOUT OXYGEN,
PYRUVIC ACID
builds up
___________
and all the
NAD+ carriers get full.
_______
Eventually glycolysis will
NAD+
PYRUVIC
ACID +_____
_______
+
CO
NAD
→ALCOHOL
__________ + ______
2 + _____
LACTIC ACID
+
NAD
______
You get the NAD+ carriers back
FERMENTATION HAPPENS so cells
+
REGENERATE
the
NAD
can ____________________
needed to keep glycolysis going
Organisms can use a variety of molecules for fuel
Beta oxidation=
__________________=
breakdown of fatty acids
into 2 carbon fragments
that enter Krebs cycle
as acetyl CoA
1 g of fat → twice as much
ATP as 1 g of carbohydrate
CHEMIOSMOSIS
= Generation of ATP from a proton gradient.
It occurs in all living things
Chloroplasts
do it to make ATP
in light reactions
Mitochondria do it
to make ATP
following ETC
http://student.ccbcmd.edu/~gkaiser/biotutorials/energy/atpsynthase_il.html
Prokaryotes create
gradient across cell
membrane to make ATP
to pump nutrients & waste
and move flagella
PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION
= Using hydrogen gradient generated by
thylakoid membrane during the light
reactions of photosynthesis to make ATP
CHLOROPLAST
OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION
= using proton gradient created by electron
transport chain in cristae membrane of
mitochondria to make ATP
MITOCHONDRION