* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Names - appsychologykta
Abnormal psychology wikipedia , lookup
Attribution (psychology) wikipedia , lookup
Developmental psychology wikipedia , lookup
Neuroeconomics wikipedia , lookup
Applied behavior analysis wikipedia , lookup
Insufficient justification wikipedia , lookup
Learning theory (education) wikipedia , lookup
Verbal Behavior wikipedia , lookup
Residential treatment center wikipedia , lookup
Adherence management coaching wikipedia , lookup
Parent management training wikipedia , lookup
Behavior analysis of child development wikipedia , lookup
Psychophysics wikipedia , lookup
Cognitive development wikipedia , lookup
Social cognitive theory wikipedia , lookup
Behaviorism wikipedia , lookup
Classical conditioning wikipedia , lookup
Learning Review Pavlov – UCS – meat powder, UCR – salivating Pair NS – tuning fork to UCS => UCR CS – tuning fork => CR Thorndike – Law of Effect - cats in puzzle boxes - responses that are closely followed by satisfying consequences become associated with the situation, and are more likely to recur when the situation is subsequently encountered. If the responses are followed by aversive consequences, associations to the situation become weaker. Skinner – reinforcement strengthens behavior Watson – condition emotions, Little Albert Bandura – observational learning Seligman - animals receiving electric shocks, which they had no ability to prevent or avoid, were unable to act in subsequent situations where avoidance or escape was possible. Extending the ramifications of these findings to humans, Seligman and his colleagues found that human motivation to initiate responses is also undermined by a lack of control over one's surroundings. Further research has shown that learned helplessness disrupts normal development and learning and leads to emotional disturbances, especially depression. Garcia – taste aversion – initially with rats Premack – high frequency, reliable behaviors can reinforce low frequency behaviors Terms: Behaviorism Classical conditioning Operant conditioning UCS, UCR, NS, CS, CR Positive reinforcement – presentation of stimulus after response makes response more likely to happen in future (positive=presented) praise, reward negative reinforcement – termination of aversive event makes behavior more likely to occur in future (negative = removed) avoid loss of privileges, take away aversive stim punishment – delivery of consequence so that behavior decreases in strength schedules of reinforcement fixed ratio – after every nth response variable ratio – after random amount of responses (around predetermined average) fixed interval – first response after every 5 minutes since last reinforced response variable interval – first response after every random amount of minutes (around predetermined average) Primary reinforcer, secondary reinforcer Extinction, spontaneous recovery, stimulus generalization, discrimination, higher order conditioning Token economy Behavior modification Shaping Chaining Attention, retention, ability motivation, modeling AP Learning Questions - 2007 1. A person who is fearful of rattlesnakes but not garden snakes is exhibiting a. response learning b. discrimination learning c. insight learning d. extinction e. generalization 2. Aversion therapy to eliminate undesirable behaviors is most likely to be used by which of the following types of therapists: a. behavioral b. psychoanalytic c. cognitive d. reality e. humanistic 3. A therapist who uses systematic desensitization to help a child overcome a white rabbit phobia will probably begin treatment by: a. exploring the child’s ego formation b. having the child imagine being a room full of rabbits c. having the child list a hierarchy of white, fuzzy objects d.analyzing the child’s recent dreams for evidence of rabbit themes e. exposing the child to several tame, docile rabbits 4. A child has learned that her grandparents ignore rather than reward her tantrums. Which of the following operant principles are the grandparents using to control the child’s behavior? a. positive reinforcement b. negative reinforcement c. delayed reinforcement d. extinction e. stimulus substitution 5. The school psychologist observes Johnny in class, noting the number of times he disrupts the class on a particular day. The school psychologist then instructs the teacher to ignore Johnny when he misbehaves and to praise him when he is good. This method of handling Johnny is an example of which of the following psychological approaches? a. cognitive b. behavioral c. humanistic d. psychoanalytic e. biological 6. A person closes a window to shut out traffic noise. The reduction in noise leads the person to close the window every day. This is an example of: a. positive reinforcement b. negative reinforcement c. punishment d. omission training e. an appetitive stimulus 7. Classical conditioning is most efficient when the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) a. immediately follows the conditioned stimulus (CS) b. follows the conditioned stimulus (CS) by a few minutes c. immediately precedes the conditioned stimulus (CS) by a few minutes d. is presented at the same time as the conditioned stimulus 8. Which classic study forms the basis for social (observational) learning? a. Pavlov…salivating dogs b. Skinner…key pecking pigeons c. Garcia…nauseous rats d. Watson…Little Albert e. Bandura…Bobo doll 9. The quotation below is consistent with the views of which of the following schools of psychology? “Give a dozen healthy infants, well formed and my own specified world to bring them up in and I’ll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to be any type of specialist I might select – doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief and, yes, even beggar-man and thief” a. b. c. d. e. existentialism structuralism humanism gestalt behaviorism