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Learning Review
Pavlov –
UCS – meat powder, UCR – salivating
Pair NS – tuning fork to UCS => UCR
CS – tuning fork => CR
Thorndike – Law of Effect - cats in puzzle boxes - responses that are closely followed
by satisfying consequences become associated with the situation, and are more likely to
recur when the situation is subsequently encountered. If the responses are followed by
aversive consequences, associations to the situation become weaker.
Skinner – reinforcement strengthens behavior
Watson – condition emotions, Little Albert
Bandura – observational learning
Seligman - animals receiving electric shocks, which they had no ability to prevent or
avoid, were unable to act in subsequent situations where avoidance or escape was
possible. Extending the ramifications of these findings to humans, Seligman and his
colleagues found that human motivation to initiate responses is also undermined by a lack
of control over one's surroundings. Further research has shown that learned helplessness
disrupts normal development and learning and leads to emotional disturbances, especially
depression.
Garcia – taste aversion – initially with rats
Premack – high frequency, reliable behaviors can reinforce low frequency behaviors
Terms:
Behaviorism
Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning
UCS, UCR, NS, CS, CR
Positive reinforcement – presentation of stimulus after response makes response more
likely to happen in future (positive=presented) praise, reward
negative reinforcement – termination of aversive event makes behavior more likely to
occur in future (negative = removed) avoid loss of privileges, take away aversive stim
punishment – delivery of consequence so that behavior decreases in strength
schedules of reinforcement
fixed ratio – after every nth response
variable ratio – after random amount of responses (around predetermined average)
fixed interval – first response after every 5 minutes since last reinforced response
variable interval – first response after every random amount of minutes (around
predetermined average)
Primary reinforcer, secondary reinforcer
Extinction, spontaneous recovery, stimulus generalization, discrimination, higher order
conditioning
Token economy
Behavior modification
Shaping
Chaining
Attention, retention, ability motivation, modeling
AP Learning Questions - 2007
1. A person who is fearful of rattlesnakes but not garden snakes is exhibiting
a. response learning
b. discrimination learning
c. insight learning
d. extinction
e. generalization
2. Aversion therapy to eliminate undesirable behaviors is most likely to be used by which
of the following types of therapists:
a. behavioral
b. psychoanalytic
c. cognitive
d. reality
e. humanistic
3. A therapist who uses systematic desensitization to help a child overcome a white rabbit
phobia will probably begin treatment by:
a. exploring the child’s ego formation
b. having the child imagine being a room full of rabbits
c. having the child list a hierarchy of white, fuzzy objects
d.analyzing the child’s recent dreams for evidence of rabbit themes
e. exposing the child to several tame, docile rabbits
4. A child has learned that her grandparents ignore rather than reward her tantrums.
Which of the following operant principles are the grandparents using to control the
child’s behavior?
a. positive reinforcement
b. negative reinforcement
c. delayed reinforcement
d. extinction
e. stimulus substitution
5. The school psychologist observes Johnny in class, noting the number of times he
disrupts the class on a particular day. The school psychologist then instructs the teacher
to ignore Johnny when he misbehaves and to praise him when he is good. This method
of handling Johnny is an example of which of the following psychological approaches?
a. cognitive
b. behavioral
c. humanistic
d. psychoanalytic
e. biological
6. A person closes a window to shut out traffic noise. The reduction in noise leads the
person to close the window every day. This is an example of:
a. positive reinforcement
b. negative reinforcement
c. punishment
d. omission training
e. an appetitive stimulus
7. Classical conditioning is most efficient when the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
a. immediately follows the conditioned stimulus (CS)
b. follows the conditioned stimulus (CS) by a few minutes
c. immediately precedes the conditioned stimulus (CS) by a few minutes
d. is presented at the same time as the conditioned stimulus
8. Which classic study forms the basis for social (observational) learning?
a. Pavlov…salivating dogs
b. Skinner…key pecking pigeons
c. Garcia…nauseous rats
d. Watson…Little Albert
e. Bandura…Bobo doll
9. The quotation below is consistent with the views of which of the following schools of
psychology?
“Give a dozen healthy infants, well formed and my own specified world to bring them up
in and I’ll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to be any type of specialist I
might select – doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief and, yes, even beggar-man and thief”
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
existentialism
structuralism
humanism
gestalt
behaviorism