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(Biomolecules) Nucleic acids Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Slide logic: 1. What elements do they use? 2. What are the monomers? 3. What are the functional groups? 4. How are the monomers linked? 5. What is the function of the molecule? Images from: http://blog.science-matters.org/2012/01/23/the-four-major-classes-of-biomolecules/ Carbohydrates Carbohydrates Function Energy and structure What are the elements that make up carbohydrates? How are carbohydrates linked together? Elements: C,H,O Cells build carbohydrate polymers by using energy to form glycosidic linkages. What are the building blocks (monomers) of carbohydrates? Long chains with hundreds of monosaccharides are called polysaccharides and are usually made of one type of monosaccraride Monomers: Monosaccharides with general formula (CH2O)n, where n is at least 3 Which are the functional groups? Carbonyl These are diastereomers, which have different taste and chemical reactivity Hydroxyl glycogen: energy storage cellulose: structure chitin: structure Nucleic acids: DNA & RNA Nucleic acids: DNA & RNA How are nucleotides linked to form nucleic acids? (Nucleotide polymerization) What are the elements that make up nucleic acids? Elements: C,H,O,P,N Nucleic acids are synthesized from 5’ to 3’ phosphodiester bond What are the building blocks (monomers) of nucleic acids? Monomer: nucleotide (5 carbon sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base - A,T,C,G,U) Function Store & transmit hereditary information What are these? How do they come together? How do nucleotides pair? phosphate nitrogenous base sugar Adenine hydrogen bonding underlies base-pairing Digression: ATP Information is transferred by base-pairing Lipids (nucleotides have other functions) What are the elements that make up lipids? Energy currency of the cell! ve clea Elements: C,H,O,P What are the building blocks (monomers) of lipids? Monomers: glycerol, fatty acids (some of the classes of lipids) cle av Which are the functional groups? e Hydroxyl Unit of information transmission Adenine Carboxyl Lipids Proteins How are monomers linked in lipids? What are the elements that make up proteins? Function nonpolar Energy storage (fats) Chemical signaling (steroids) Structure (phospholipids) Elements: C,H,O,N,S What are the building blocks (monomers) of proteins? Monomers: amino acids (20 of these) Which are the functional groups? What is the difference? R is the side-chain (amino acid identity) hydrophobic tail Amine Carboxyl hydrophilic head Proteins Proteins How are amino acids linked to form proteins? How are amino acids linked to form proteins? 1. Primary structure 2. Secondary structure Linear sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain: the amino acids are joined together by covalent peptide bonds Peptide bond rotation possible rotation restricted The peptide bond is a hybrid between the two resonance structures, so all six atoms lie in the same plane The amino acids arrange in space to maximize the number of hydrogen bonds between the amide hydrogen N-H and the carboxyl oxygen Proteins Check these out: How are amino acids linked to form proteins? http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/molecules/builddna/ If you play around with this for a bit you will appreciate hydrogen bonding and (if you try to build the DNA as fast as you can) the speed and accuracy of DNA polymerase. You can also get a feeling for how nucleotides fit together to form the double helix (i.e. how many nucleotides are there per helix period?) 3. Tertiary structure The final 3D structure of proteins, mostly driven by entropy https://dlc.dcccd.edu/biology1-3 Overview of the four major classes of biomolecules (and source for a lot of the images in the slides). It has nifty animated exercises for identifying functional groups and linking molecules together, you should try them out for practice. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tk-SNvCPLCE https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=457xnJv80O0 Nice (and brief) visualization of chirality, diastereomers, enantiomers … Function Structure Transport Defense Enzymes