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Warm-up 1/9: • Finish Pedigree Worksheet: #11-16 • Turn in LAB from Yesterday with Karyotype Stapled to written section. Warm-up 1/9: • What is a clone? • What do you think a DNA Finger Print is? • Biotech Quest Quiz: Tuesday 1/14 Biotechnology Notes Chapter 9 Biotechnology • Scientist change an organism’s DNA to give it new traits. • Possible because all organisms have the same Genetic Code What are the benefits? – Insert needed gene into an organism – Make better vegetables/fruits – Identify a suspect – Increase biodiversity Restrictive Enzymes • Cuts DNA – Act like molecular “scissors” – Lets scientist take out and insert a new gene Restrictive Enzyme • Different restrictive enzymes cut in different places • They recognize nucleotides between 4 and 8 bases long Restrictive Enzymes • Some cut straight and make “blunt ends” • Some cut staggered and make “sticky ends” Gel electrophoresis • Uses an electrical current to separate DNA sequences that were cut by restrictive enzymes. Gel electrophoresis • Electrical currents pull the pieces through a gel • Smaller fragments can move faster & farther than longer fragments Gel electrophoresis • Each piece creates a band on the gel • Creates a DNA fingerprint • Everyone has their own unique DNA fingerprint DNA Fingerprinting • Made by restrictive enzymes and gel electrophoresis (mother) (child 1) (child 2) (father) • What is it used for? – Paternity tests – Evidence in criminal cases – Studying biodiversity • http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index .cfm?guidAssetId=DD31D995-3E35-48588E2C0E6045BEDBA6&blnFromSearch=1&prod uctcode=US# Plasmid – loops of DNA in bacteria – restriction enzymes cut plasmid and foreign DNA – foreign gene inserted into plasmid Recombinant DNA • Contains genes from more than one organism (bacterial DNA) Transgenic Organism • Has one or more genes inserted in it’s DNA – Has recombinant DNA Transgenic Organism • Transgenic bacteria used to make human protein – Gene inserted into plasmid – Plasmid inserted into bacteria – Bacteria makes the protein the gene coded for Uses of Transgenic Organisms • Transgenic plants used in agriculture – Creates crops resistant to frost, diseases, and insects – Food produced more quickly and cheaply Uses of Transgenic Organism • Transgenic animals – Used to study diseases and gene functions. Concerns about Genetic Engineering – possible long-term health effects of eating GM foods – possible effects of GM plants on ecosystems and biodiversity Class work 1. Vocabulary Chart Cloning & Gene Therapy Notes Genetic Screening • Test DNA to detect genetic diseases – determines risk of having or passing on a genetic disorder – can detect genes related to an increased risk of cancer – can detect some genes known to cause genetic disorders DMD N Gene Therapy • Is the replacement of faulty genes • Gene therapy replaces defective or missing genes, or adds new genes, to treat a disease. Gene Therapy • Has many technical difficulties – Inserting gene into correct cell – Determining effect on other genes • Only way to cure genetic disease is to change the affected DNA Cloning • A clone is a genetically identical copy of a gene or of an organism. Cloning • Cloning occurs in nature. – bacteria (binary fission) – some simple animals (budding, regeneration) – Identical twins Cloning • Mammals can be cloned through a process called nuclear transfer. – nucleus is removed from an egg cell – nucleus of a cell from the animal to be cloned is implanted in the egg Benefits of Cloning • Human organ transplants • Save endangered species Concerns of Cloning • Low success rate • Clones less healthy than original • Ethical controversy Jurassic park