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Learning Theory — In a Nutshell Best Friends Animal Society Dog Trainers Learning Theory The study of how a species learns The Two Types of Behavior • Overt Behavior = Behavior that we can observe, measure, and assess. • Covert Behavior = Internal behaviors that we cannot see or assess; thoughts, feelings, motivations, intentions. • Constructs = Assumptions about covert behaviors. Methods of Learning Classical Conditioning • Pavlov’s theory: Learned association between two events. •Can influence a dog’s emotions. • Involuntary Operant Conditioning • Consequence drives behavior • Behavior that is rewarded increases, behavior that is punished decreases • Voluntary Classical conditioning creates habits via emotional responses. Operant conditioning creates purposeful behavior via mental engagement and practice. Classical Conditioning • involves learning to associate an unconditioned stimulus that already brings about a particular response (i.e. a reflex) with a new (conditioned) stimulus, so that the new stimulus brings about the same response. Classical Conditioning BEFORE LEARNING Unconditioned stimulus Unconditioned response BEFORE LEARNING Neutral stimulus No response Classical Conditioning During Learning with Unconditioned response Classical Conditioning After Learning Conditioned stimulus Conditioned response Counterconditioning ▪ is the conditioning (training) of an unwanted behavior or response to a stimulus into a wanted behavior by associating (pairing) good things with the stimulus ▪ Conditioning (training) an animal to display a behavior that is counter to (incompatible with) an unacceptable behavior in response to a particular stimulus. Desensitization • to cause (someone or something) to react less to or be less affected by something Desensitization-Flooding Systematic Desensitization • involves gradually exposing a dog to the situation, without provoking the unwanted reaction The rules of Counterconditioning: Counterconditioning • Scary thing must predict wonderful thing • Good thing must happen quickly • Good thing should be something your dog is “crazy” about only gets when the scary thing shows up • Don’t ask for anything when scary thing shows up, just want dog to notice scary thing • Start with the scary thing far enough away Operant Conditioning “All we need to know in order to describe and explain behavior is this: actions followed by good outcomes are likely to recur, while actions followed by bad outcomes are less likely to recur.” Skinner, 1953 Operant Conditioning This type of learning is active and voluntary; it depends on the actions of the learner Ask yourself: Do I want the behavior to continue? In Operant Conditioning: • Saying that something is negative means something is REMOVED. Think MATH … • Saying that something is not positive FEELINGS means something is ADDED. Operant Conditioning Definitions Positive refers to adding something. Operant Conditioning Definitions Negative refers to removing something. Operant Conditioning Reinforcement-whether positive or negative, causes the behavior to be more likely to occur. (The behavior increases.) Punishment-whether positive or negative, causes the behavior to be less likely to occur. (The behavior decreases.) Positive Reinforcement +R • Adding something good (behavior will increase) Negative Punishment - P • Removing something good (behavior will decrease) Negative Reinforcement - R • Removing something bad/aversive (behavior will increase) Relief from an aversive Positive Punishment + P • Adding something bad/aversive (behavior will decrease) Operant Conditioning Terms-Recap Positive reinforcement: + R Something good is added. Negative punishment: - P Something good is subtracted. Positive punishment: + P Something bad is added. Negative reinforcement: - R Something bad is subtracted. Change Unwanted Behavior • What reinforces this behavior ? • Ignore or manage • Train incompatible behavior • Reward the wanted behavior Why We Don’t Punish Aversives: – suppress behavior, they don’t remove or address underlying cause of behavior. – may have side effects, including fear, frustration and aggression. Aversives are difficult to apply correctly. To be effective, they must meet ALL of the following criteria: • Occur the moment the undesired behavior occurs • Be associated with the behavior, not the trainer • Be stronger than the reward of the undesired behavior • Be severe enough to stop the behavior almost immediately • The dog must have the opportunity to change his behavior Discontinuing reinforcement leads to … Extinction … but can sometimes lead to an extinction BURST! The Four Stages of Learning • • • • Acquisition Fluency Generalization Maintenance If a dog doesn’t respond to a cue… • Has the dog been taught and rewarded for learning a specific, consistent cue? • Has the dog been rewarded enough times to create a habit? • Has the behavior been generalized to different locations? • Is the dog distracted by ( therefore rewarded by) something else in the environment? Proofing a Behavior • The dog does the behavior immediately upon getting the cue • The dog does not offer the behavior without being cued (doesn't "throw" the behavior at you during training sessions) • The dog does not offer the behavior in response to some other cue • The dog does not offer any other behavior in response to the cue Proofing-Continued Can your dog do the behavior: With hand and voice cues? With trainer in different positions? For other people? The three D’s: Distraction, Duration, Distance With duration? Can he hold the position longer? For a few seconds? A few minutes? Longer? With distance? Can you ask for the behavior from a few feet away? From 20 feet away? From outside the run (with the dog inside)? With distractions? In other areas: other rooms other buildings on a walk in the car with other people standing by other people moving around, other dogs still and moving, With toys being played with, other kinds of animals around (horses, cats, lizards, squirrels)? Keep your dog guessing! Additional Resources: “” by Pamela Reid website: behavioreducationnetwork.com behaviorists Suzanne He and Dan Estep Questions? Break and Travel Time Together, we can Save Them All™. bestfriends.org