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Transcript
Happy new year! • the jazzy version Why do cells divide? Why do cells divide> 1. DNA overload – ‘information crisis’ 2. Exchange of materials (nutrients and waste – dependent on surface area to volume ration) 3. Replacement of adjacent dead or damaged cells Surface Area to volume ratio limits the maximum size of a cell Surface area to volume ratio limits the efficiency of cell metabolism and transport mechanisms As cells grow, they have relatively less cell membrane (surface area) per unit volume for transport of substances into and out of the cell When do eukaryotic cells divide? 1. Growth 2. Embryonic development 3. Tissue repair 4. Eukaryotic asexual reproduction Do our cells go on dividing forever? What tells a cell to divide? Are all cells the same size? Embryonic development: Conception All animals begin as a fertilised egg cell (a zygote), which divides…and divides…until it becomes an embryo Image Credit: www.scienceclarified.com Cell division Prokaryotic Cells: BINARY FISSION • Single circular chromosome is replicated (DNA is copied) • Two copies of the chromosome move to opposite ends of the cell • Cytoplasm splits to form two cells EUKARYOTIC CELLS: MITOSIS AND CYTOKINESIS • Long phase of interphase • DNA is replicated • Nucleus divides during mitosis • Cell divides into two identical (clone) daughter cells during cytokinesis Binary Fission…Monera • Binary fission animation 1 Binary Fission DNA duplicates DNA separates & new cell wall divides cell in two 2 identical new cells result MITOSIS AND asexual reproduction in eukaryotes The cell cycles in different cells Cell type Bean root tip Cell cycle / hours 19.3 Mouse fibroblast 22 Chinese hamster fibroblast Mouse small intestine epithelium 11 Mouse oesophagus epithelium © 2007 Paul Billiet ODWS 17 181 And what about average lifespan of a cell? • Some cell tyes divide regularly – skin cells, epithelial cells of intestines • Some cells (certain neuron types) do not divide The Cell Cycle… • Cell cycle at speed... • or slowly, set to music Definition: The series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide Consists of interphase (G1, S, G2), mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase) and cytokinesis The cell cycle Cytokinesis Division of the cytoplasm M G0 Some cells may stay in this stage for over a year G1 First growth phase. Varies in length G2 Second growth phase S Copying of chromosomes G1 + S + G2 = INTERPHASE So what is the difference between MITOSIS and CELL DIVISION? • Mitosis: Division of the nucleus to form two identical nuclei • Cell division (cytokinesis) splitting of the cytoplasm, so that each of the )identical) daughter cells receives one of the nuclei and an equal number of organelles Review basic vocabulary of genetics (click and learn) • • • • • Genetic material Chromatin Chromosome Chromatid Centromere Telomere Mitosis organelles and checkpoint controls • • • • Centrosome Centriole Nucleolus USA Genome project talking glossary Interphase INTERPHASE is the normal lifetime of a cell, after being “born” by division, and before it divides itself. INTERPHASE is not a stage of mitosis ! Biological Science, a Molecular Approach. BSCS Blue Version. Heath and Company, 1996. nucleolus (if any) still visible INTERPHASE: nuclear envelope clearly visible chromatin, NO chromosomes, yet http://www.fed.cuhk.edu.hk/~johnson/photomicrographs/mitosis/animal/animal_interphase.htm INTERPHASE Allium root tip Coregonus blastula Mitosis consists of 4 phases (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase) The Cell Cycle… • Cell cycle at speed... • or slowly, set to music Definition: The series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide Consists of interphase (G1, S, G2), mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase) and cytokinesis PROPHASE http://www.itg.uiuc.edu/technology/atlas/structures/mitosis/prophase.htm PROPHASE J Nuclear membrane dissolves. J Nucleolus disappears. J Chromosomes form. J Centrioles migrate & form spindle. PROPHASE nuclear envelope disappears nucleolus disappears http://www.ac-dijon.fr/pedago/svt/documents/mitose/prophase.gif chromosomes become visible PROPHASE Allium root tip Coregonus blastula METAPHASE http://iccbweb.med.harvard.edu/mitchisonlab/Pages/mt.html METAPHASE chromatids spindle centriole http://www.chembio.uoguelph.ca/educmat/chm736/cycletx.htm J chromatids line up on the equator. METAPHASE TWO IDENTICAL COPIES OF ONE CHROMOSOME. THIS CHROMATID WILL SOON MOVE TO NORTH POLE THIS CHROMATID WILL SOON MOVE TO SOUTH POLE http://genenlab.spoono.com/gnu/mandm.shtml chromatids spindle centriole Nature (408. 423, 2000). http://www.blc.arizona.edu/courses/181gh/Lectures_WJG.01/mitosis_F.01/mitosis.html METAPHASE Allium root tip Coregonus blastula ANAPHASE http://www.univ-orleans.fr/SCIENCES/BIOCHIMIE/MMC/accueil.htm ANAPHASE J http://www.blc.arizona.edu/courses/181gh/Lectures_WJG.01/mitosis_F.01/mitosis.html chromatids migrate to each pole. ANAPHASE early Conly Rieder http://www.wadsworth.org/BMS/SCBlinks/WEB_MIT2/HOME.HTM late ANAPHASE Allium root tip Coregonus blastula TELOPHASE one daughter nucleus forms at north pole spindle apparatus dissolves one daughter nucleus forms at south pole TELOPHASE early late New nuclei form at the poles. Cytokinesis begins. http://www.blc.arizona.edu/courses/181gh/Lectures_WJG.01/mitosis_F.01/mitosis.html TELOPHASE Allium root tip Coregonus blastula Practice Slide 1: Name stage of mitosis Practice Slide 2: Name stage of cell cycle Practice Slide 3: Name stage of mitosis Practice Slide 4: Name stage of mitosis Practice Slide 5: Name stage of mitosis Practice Slide 6: Name stage of mitosis Practice Slide 7: Name stage of mitosis Practice Slide 8: Name stage of mitosis Practice Slide 9: Name stage of mitosis Image Credit: www.bioweb.uncc.edu/ Practice Slide 10: Name stage of mitosis Image Credit: www.bioweb.uncc.edu/ Practice Slide 11: Name stage of mitosis Image Credit: www.bioweb.uncc.edu/ Practice Slide 12: Name stage of mitosis Image Credit: www.bioweb.uncc.edu/