Download Classical Conditioning

Learning
Table of Contents71. Chapter 6 Concepts
72. Classical Conditioning
Practice
Homework- Review Chapter
6 Concepts- Quiz Thursday!
Conditioning
• Type of learning that involves stimulusresponse connections
• Two types:
– Classical Conditioning
– Operant Conditioning
Pavlov
-Pavlov set out to discover how learning occurred
-Created a study using dogs where he tried to condition the dogs
to have a biological response (salivation) to a neutral
stimulus. (ringing a bell)
1. UcS- Unconditioned
Stimulus- food given to
dogs
UcR- Unconditioned
Response- dog
salivates and eats
2. Introduce NSNeutral Stimulus (ring
bell when placing food
down)
3. CS- Conditioned
Stimulus- bell
CR- Conditioned
Response- salivate
when hearing bell
Little Albert experiment- John Watson
• Watson wanted to apply Pavlov’s study to humans
• Believed that human behavior (even things we thought
were instinct) were a result of the environment (could be
LEARNED)
• Emotionally and physically healthy 9-month old male
raised in a hospital environment
• Seeks to condition this baby to
have an extreme fear (response) to
a small white rate (stimulus)
Watson
Anybody have issues with his
experiment…
Methodology?
Ethics?
Data?
Watson’s
Contributions
• One of the First American Psychologist to
apply Pavlov’s work to humans (emotions)
• Brought the study of behavior (Psych) into a
more “scientific” and observable discipline
• Little Albert in every Psych Textbook
•Convinced other Psychologist that there was an
alternative to Freudian Psychoanalysis
•Neurotic symptoms (Phobias could be controlled
via CC)…Major applied significance
Contributions to Psychology
• Generalization of
fears
• Showed that
emotions can be
learned
Use Classical Conditioning to explain behavior:
Scenarios (group discussions)
1. Sound of drill, dentist visit
2. Hospital smell, visiting the hospital
3. Band-aids, visiting the doctor
Neutral Stimulus (NS)
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
Conditioned Response (CR)
Real-Life Examples of Classical Conditioning
Mowrer & Mowrer (1938) Treatment for enuresis (bed-wetting)
-Child sleeps on a pad (a wire mesh that is connected to a bell has been sewn)
- Child wets the bed  electrical circuit causes bell to ring (UCS)
-Child wakes up (UCR)
After several repetitions of this cycle (bed-wetting causes him to
be awakened by the bell), the child begins to associate the
sensation of pressure in his bladder (a previously neutral stimulus)
with waking up
-In a short time, the need to urinate (now a CS) becomes
sufficient in itself to awaken the child (now a CR) so he or she can
get up and go to the bathroom - no need for PAD with Bell
In A Clockwork Orange, a brutal sociopath, a
mass murderer, is strapped to a chair and
forced to watch violent movies while he is
injected with a drug that nauseates him. So he
sits and gags and retches as he watches the
movies. After hundreds of repetitions of this,
he associates violence with nausea, and it limits
his ability to be violent.
Operant Conditioning- Skinner Box
Operant Conditioning- People and
animals can learn to do certain things (and not do
others) by learning from the results of their behaviorVOLUNTARY responses
• B.F. Skinner (19041990)
– elaborated Thorndike’s
Law of Effect <people
keep doing things that
feel good>
– developed behavioral
technology
Thorndike’s Law of
Effect
Rewarded behavior is likely to
recur.
Behavior followed by a
negative consequence is less
likely to recur.
Operant Conditioning
• Operant Chamber
(“Skinner Box”)
– soundproof chamber
with a bar or key that
an animal can
manipulate to obtain a
food or water
reinforcer
– contains a device to
record responses
Skinner Box
Reinforcer Increases the Probability
of the Behavior It Follows
• The fundamental principle of behaviorism is
that rewarded behavior is likely to be repeated.
• This is known as a positive reinforcement in
operant conditioning.
ex: Your teacher praises you when you
get an “A”
• A negative reinforcement is when you want a
bad feeling/thing to stop so you exhibit a
behavior
– Ex: You put on your seat belt to make the
ringing sound stop. OR You take an aspirin to
make a headache stop.
Punishment
• When you get a consequence for a negative
behavior so you stop doing the negative
behavior
– Ex: You get grounded for coming home after
curfew.
Positive and Negative Reinforcement, Positive
and Negative Punishment
Social Learning Theory
Social Learning
• Aka Observational Learning
• learning by observing and imitating the
behavior of others
– The others whom we observe and imitate are called
models.
– They teach us by modeling behavior
Observational learning helps children learn how to
behave in their families and in their cultures
without requiring direct experience
Children Can Learn Aggressive
Behavior through Observation
• Albert Bandura
• Bobo doll studies: the first set of
experiments demonstrating the power of
observational learning in eliciting
aggression.
• Research demonstrates that children are
less likely to imitate the actions of
punished aggressors.
Children Can Learn Aggressive
Behavior through Observation
– Bandura believes children observe and learn
aggression through many avenues, but the three
principal ones are:
• Families: where adults use violence
• Communities: where aggression is considered to be a
sign of manhood, especially among males
• Media: principally television and the movies