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Evolution Theory of Natural Selection • Conceived of by Charles Darwin • Published in 1859 • Resulted from Darwin’s observations on his trip around the world from 1831-1836 • Took Darwin over 20 years to finalize Theory of Natural Selection • Artificial selection is used by man to select for desired traits in animals and plants. • Natural Selection is the process by which nature selects the most well adapted organisms to move on through reproduction Theory of Natural Selection • Variation – Individuals in a population differ from one another Theory of Natural Selection • Heritability – Variations are inherited from parents. Tall organisms produce tall organisms and short produce short. – DNA is the mechanism for transfer Theory of Natural Selection • Overproduction – Populations produce more offspring than can survive. – Due to variation each is slightly different than the next. Theory of Natural Selection • Reproductive Advantage – Some variations prove to be advantageous in the environment and are passed on to offspring who have a competitive advantage thanks to these variations. Theory of Natural Selection • Evolution is the end result of cumulative changes in groups of organisms over time. Adaptation • An adaptation is a trait shaped by natural selection that increases an organism’s reproductive success. • Measures by the “fitness” of an organism Types of Adaptation • Camouflage is an adaptation that allows an organism to blend in to their environment. • Mimicry is an adaptation in which one species evolves to resemble another species. Mechanisms of Evolution • Population Genetics – Hardy-Weinberg Principle is about the concept of Genetic Equilibrium. • • • • • Large population No Immigration and emigration Random mating No mutations No natural selection – Immpossible!! Mechanisms of Evolution • Genetic Drift – Any change in allele frequency in a population due to chance. Mechanisms of Evolution • Gene Flow – The random movement of individuals between populations or migration increases genetic variation in the population. Mechanisms of Evolution • Nonrandom Mating – Mating is not random. Mechanisms of Evolution • Mutation – A random change in genetic material that results in changes in the phenotype of an organism. Mechanisms of Evolution • Natural Selection – – – – Stabilizing selection Directional selection Disruptive selection Sexual selection Mechanisms of Evolution • Reproductive Isolation – Organisms are physically or temporally isolated and as a result the are not able to mate and exchange genetic material. Mechanisms of Evolution • Speciation – Allopatric speciation • Species evolve due to being divided by a physical barrier – Sympatric speciation • Species evolve without a physical barrier Patterns of Evolution • • • • Adaptive Radiation Coevolution Convergent Evolution Rate of Speciation – Gradualism – Punctuated Equlibrium