Download Notes and Study Guide for weeks 3

Notes and Study Guide for weeks 3 - 5
Read Textbook Chapters 3 and 4
1. What is cell theory? How many cells do you have in your body?
A. What are the differences between a prokaryote cell and a eukaryote cell?
B. Which is thought to have evolved first, prokaryote or eukaryote cells?
C. In the domains of life, what type of cell do bacteria and the archaea have?
2. What is the structure of the cell membrane? Why is it called a fluid mosaic? Textbook figs.
3.9 and 3.10
A. Why is the cell membrane important to the cell?
B. Know the four types of membrane proteins and the role that each plays in the life of a cell.
C. How do materials move across the membrane? Know what endocytosis, exocytosis, and
phagocytosis mean. Know what is meant by active and passive transport.
> Know what diffusion and the related term, osmosis, mean.
> What will happen to a cell if it is placed into a hypotonic solution? Hypertonic
solution? Or isotonic solution?
D. What are three ways that the membranes of two cells can be connected for keeping cells
tightly together, for preventing materials from moving between and past the cells or for
passing materials easily between them.
3. What limits cell size? Why are eggs, which are single cells, an exception to these limits?
4. Know the following cell structures and what role they play in the cell’s function:
Nucleus and chromosomes, cytoskeleton and its components, flagellum and cilia,
mitochondria, chloroplasts, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum (rough and smooth), Golgi
apparatus, cell wall (only found in plant cells), and vacuoles.
A. Be able to explain how mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved and what the evidence is
that supports this hypothesis.
5. Know that energy is the capacity to do work.
A. Know the difference between kinetic and potential energy and examples of each. Is the
energy in chemical bonds kinetic or potential energy? Is sunlight kinetic or potential
energy?
B. The first law of thermodynamics states that energy is constant; it can be transferred and
transformed, but not created or destroyed.
C. ATP = adenosine triphosphate is the energy coin of the cell. This molecule can give up
energy to do work within the cell and then it can recharge by picking up more energy.
Textbook figures 4.7 and 4.8.
End point for first midterm.
D. Photosynthesis. Photo = light; synthesis = making something. Photosynthesis is the
making of molecules from sunlight.
> Understand why this is important to all living systems, including animals
> Where does the majority of a plant’s biomass or body come from? Fig. 4.11
> Be able to describe the sequence of events that make up first the photo (or light)
reaction and then the synthesis reaction of photosynthesis.
> Know where photosynthesis takes place – where in the leaf and where in the cell.
> Where do the photo and synthesis reactions of photosynthesis take place within the
chloroplast?
> What energy wavelengths are used to fuel photosynthesis – more in terms that it is the
wavelengths at opposite ends of the visual light spectrum. Fig. 4-14
> Why do leaves look green? Why do they change colors in the fall?
> How are ATP and NADPH able to capture energy from the light coming from the sun?
See fig 4.20 for an overview.
> Describe what an electron transport chain is and what it does in general terms:
> How is that energy (now stored in ATP and NADPH) used to create a sugar molecule?
In general terms what happens during the Calvin cycle? Where are the carbon atoms,
which make up the core of a sugar molecule, picked up for feeding into the Calvin cycle?
> Why is Rubisco an important enzyme? What is its function? Fig 4.22
> Plants doing photosynthesis used water to: replace electrons that are excited by light
energy and passed from molecule to molecule down an electron transport chain.
> Where does the oxygen, which plants doing photosynthesis release, come from?
E. Different forms of photosynthesis are found worldwide: C3 (most common), C4, CAM
F. Cell respiration is essentially the same pathway, only in the opposite direction. Oxygen +
an organic molecule (usually sugar) react (burn) to form carbon dioxide, water, and energy
(ATP, NADH, FADH2)
> Steps: Glycolysis, Acetyl-CoA production, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain
> Glycolysis, the first step, doesn’t need oxygen and is found in all organisms, even those
that are anaerobic (can’t live with oxygen present). In these other organisms, the process
is slightly different and called fermentation. This is how alcohol is produced.
> Cell respiration = Kreb’s cycle and electron transport chain (similar to those found in
photosynthesis light reaction)
> Know where the steps of glycolysis and cell respiration take place both in cell and inside
mitochondria. Fig 4.25
> So why is it that you are breathing in and breathing out?