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11/18/12 Ch 13: Genetics & Ch 14 Plant Breeding (some) His garden His experimental subject: garden pea J. Gregor Mendel: father of genetics Mendel’s Discoveries Do parents contribute equally to offspring? Is there an equal chance of getting either version of a characteristic that a parent has? Are characteristics/traits found only in 1 form? Do the versions from each parent blend together? How do the versions interact? Are characteristics inherited independently of 1 another or together? 1 11/18/12 Do parents contribute equally to offspring? yes Is there an equal chance of getting either version of a characteristic that a parent has? yes Are characteristics/traits found only in 1 form? no Mendel’s Discoveries Do parents contribute equally to offspring? Is there an equal chance of getting either version of a characteristic that a parent has? Are characteristics/traits found only in 1 form? Do the versions from each parent blend together? usually not How do the versions interact? Dominant -> visible result Recessive -> something missing Mendel’s Discoveries Do parents contribute equally to offspring? Is there an equal chance of getting either version of a characteristic that a parent has? Are characteristics/traits found only in 1 form? Do the versions from each parent blend together? How do the versions interact? Are characteristics inherited independently of 1 another or together? if on different chromosomes, no 2 11/18/12 Remember: Independent Assortment in Meiosis I Example: Chromosomal arangements in cells with 2n = 6 (these will give gametes with n = 3) Pea chromosomes Are characteristics inherited independently of 1 another or together? if on the same chromosome, possibly yes, but sometimes possibly no (why?) Genetic Vocabulary 3 11/18/12 YY Genotype: Y Yy Y Phenotype: yellow seeds Y yy y y y yellow seeds green seeds Punnett Square: used to predict the trait(s) of offspring from a mating Monohybrid Cross: Inheritance of 1 trait Other parents can be AA or aa or Aa (like these) Monohybrid cross: follow 1 trait 4 11/18/12 Dihybrid cross: follow 2 traits simultaneously Pleiotropic gene: 1 gene, many effects Polygenic trait: trait governed by more than 1 gene 5 11/18/12 Incomplete dominance: the recessive modifies the effect of the dominant Multiple alleles: Coleus leaf color & pattern Pea chromosomes Linkage: how often do 2 traits travel together 6 11/18/12 Hardy-Weinberg Law: used to examine if evolution is occurring in a population Then examine next generation Is the ratio of green to yellow genes present in that generation, the same as the first? Starting population If it is – no evolution is happening If it isn’t – evolution is occurring Maternal inheritance DNA is the genetic material 7 11/18/12 DNA nucleotide RNA U nucleotide 8 11/18/12 Amino acid hydrolysis Building a polypeptide/ protein dehydration synthesis Peptide bond Protein structure: alpha helix 3 or 4 levels DNA Replication 9 11/18/12 Base-pairing rules In eukaryotes Non-template strand Non-template strand DNA! Template strand 3 5 5 3 DNA! RNA! 10 11/18/12 3 kinds of RNA: messenger transfer ribosomal Genetic Code 11 11/18/12 Initiation Elongation Termination 12 11/18/12 Origins of agriculture 6 major food plants feed most people (80% of all calories consumed): wheat, rice, maize (corn), potato, sweet potato, cassava/ manioc (from 30,000 known edible plants) How did we get these? Careful initial choice Breeding of favorable varieties mutations Choice of unusual individuals 13 11/18/12 Case study: modern bread wheat polyploidy = extra sets of chromosomes -> leads to ? 2x (Cultivated 10,000 yr BP); durum wheat similar 2x (~ 8,000 yr BP) Newer technology: Genetic engineering - adding new genes Polymerase chain reaction = PCR makes more DNA (small pieces) rapidly 14 11/18/12 Cloning by plant tissue culture Cloning by cuttings, etc. Transgenic plants: Color change Transgenic potatoes: pest -resistant 15 11/18/12 Transgenic tomatoes: salt tolerance 16