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Nucleic Acids a) Phosphate Group c) 5Carbon Sugar b) Nitrogen Base Nucleic Acids are Polymers made of Nucleotides 3 Parts: a)Phosphate group b)5-Carbon Sugar c)Nitrogen base 2 Types: DNA & RNA THYMINE URACIL Nitrogen Bases Pyrimidines Single ring Double ring Pyrimidines = C, T, & U Purines = A & G Pyrimidines ALWAYS bond to Purines G bonds to C A bonds to T or U Purines RNA Sugar = Ribose RNA is Single Stranded RNA has Uracil Sugar & phosphate backbone Nitrogen Bases DNA Sugar = Deoxyribose DNA is Double Stranded Hydrogen Bonds DNA has Thymine Sugar & phosphate backbone Nitrogen Bases DNA A bonds to T; G bonds to C Hydrogen bonds hold Nitrogen bases together to form the Double helix DNA is found in the Nucleus of eukaryotic cells in the form of Chromosomes Sections of DNA that code for a protein are called Genes Chromosomes are made of DNA wound around proteins called Histones Homologous chromosomes have the same Genes (possibly different alleles) DNA Replication Original strands are used as a Pattern/Template to build new Complimentary DNA strands Enzymes help with this process: Helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds between the complimentary strands DNA Polymerases build the new strands and then proofread the nucleotide sequence Semi-conservative DNA Replication 2 Identical DNA molecules are produced. Each molecule is made of one ORIGINAL strand and one NEW strand. ENZYMES of DNA Replication ADDS NEW NUCLEOTIDES UNZIPS STRANDS Leading strand (3’ end) Lagging strand (5’ end) DNA polymerase can only move towards the 5’ end of the original DNA molecule (New DNA is built 5’ to 3’) This means the Lagging strand is built in small sections called Okazaki fragments. Central Dogma DNA RNA Protein Protein Synthesis Transcription Translation 5 4 Hydrogen Carboxyl Group 6 Amino Group Proteins are Polymers made of Amino Acids 4 Parts: Central Carbon Amino group Hydrogen Carboxyl group Central Carbon 3 7 R Group & R group Protein Functions: Transport of substances, Enzymes that control the rate of reactions, provide Support, build Tissues, & fight Infections 3 Types of RNA • mRNA = Copy of gene/DNA (instructions for making the protein) • tRNA = Translates/Decodes mRNA and Transfers/Delivers amino acids to the ribosome in the correct sequence • rRNA = Ribosomes are made of rRNA which Bond amino acids together to build the Polypeptide (protein) a) Messenger RNA b) Ribosomal RNA c) Transfer RNA Transcription the process of Copying DNA into the complimentary sequence of mRNA The enzyme that copies the DNA (gene) into mRNA is RNA polymerase No T in RNA so A bonds to U RNA Polymerase Works just like DNA polymerase EXCEPT it adds RNA nucleotides Transcription occurs in the Nucleus Begins when the mRNA leaves the nucleus and goes to the Ribosome tRNA decodes the mRNA 3 bases at a time Codon = 3 base sequence on mRNA Codons are complimentary to the Anticodons on the tRNA rRNA forms Peptide bonds between Amino Acids to form the Polypeptide (protein) Translation Translation Amino Acid Anticodon Codon Transcribe the following DNA into mRNA DNA: TAC – CCG – GAT – TAG – ATC CUA - AUC mRNA: AUG ____ - GGC ____ - ____ ____ - UAG ___ Translate the above mRNA into the correct sequence of Amino Acids using the Codon Chart STOP Ile - ____ Protein: Met ____ - ____ ____ - ____ Gly - Leu DNA = Template 1 Codons on mRNA 3 mRNA built by RNA polymerase 2 mRNA goes to ribosome 4 Amino acid bonded to Polypeptide 7 tRNA carries amino acids 5 tRNA goes to pick up another Amino Acid 8 tRNA Anticodon decodes mRNA codons 6