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Nucleic Acids
a)
Phosphate Group
c)
5Carbon
Sugar
b)
Nitrogen Base
Nucleic Acids are
Polymers made of
Nucleotides
3 Parts:
a)Phosphate group
b)5-Carbon Sugar
c)Nitrogen base
2 Types: DNA & RNA
THYMINE
URACIL
Nitrogen Bases
Pyrimidines
Single ring
Double ring
Pyrimidines = C, T, & U
Purines = A & G
Pyrimidines ALWAYS
bond to Purines
G bonds to C
A bonds to T or U
Purines
RNA Sugar = Ribose
RNA is Single
Stranded
RNA has Uracil
Sugar & phosphate
backbone
Nitrogen
Bases
DNA Sugar =
Deoxyribose
DNA is Double
Stranded
Hydrogen Bonds
DNA has
Thymine
Sugar & phosphate
backbone
Nitrogen Bases
DNA
A bonds to T; G bonds to C
Hydrogen bonds hold Nitrogen bases together
to form the Double helix
DNA is found in
the Nucleus of
eukaryotic cells
in the form of
Chromosomes
Sections of DNA that
code for a protein are
called Genes
Chromosomes are
made of DNA
wound around
proteins called
Histones
Homologous
chromosomes have
the same Genes
(possibly different
alleles)
DNA Replication
Original strands are used as a
Pattern/Template to build new
Complimentary DNA strands
Enzymes help with this process:
Helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds between
the complimentary strands
DNA Polymerases build the new strands and
then proofread the nucleotide sequence
Semi-conservative DNA Replication
2 Identical DNA
molecules are
produced.
Each molecule is
made of one
ORIGINAL strand
and one NEW strand.
ENZYMES of DNA Replication
ADDS NEW
NUCLEOTIDES
UNZIPS
STRANDS
Leading strand
(3’ end)
Lagging strand
(5’ end)
DNA polymerase can only
move towards the 5’ end of the
original DNA molecule
(New DNA is built 5’ to 3’)
This means the Lagging
strand is built in small sections
called Okazaki fragments.
Central Dogma
DNA  RNA  Protein
Protein Synthesis
Transcription
Translation
5
4
Hydrogen
Carboxyl
Group
6
Amino Group
Proteins are
Polymers made
of Amino
Acids
4 Parts:
Central Carbon
Amino group
Hydrogen
Carboxyl group
Central
Carbon
3
7
R Group
& R group
Protein Functions: Transport of substances, Enzymes
that control the rate of reactions, provide Support, build
Tissues, & fight Infections
3 Types of RNA
• mRNA = Copy of gene/DNA (instructions for making the
protein)
• tRNA = Translates/Decodes mRNA and Transfers/Delivers
amino acids to the ribosome in the correct sequence
• rRNA = Ribosomes are made of rRNA which Bond amino
acids together to build the Polypeptide (protein)
a)
Messenger RNA
b)
Ribosomal RNA
c)
Transfer RNA
Transcription
the process of Copying DNA into the
complimentary sequence of mRNA
The enzyme that copies the DNA
(gene) into mRNA is
RNA polymerase
No T in RNA so A bonds to U
RNA Polymerase
Works just like DNA polymerase
EXCEPT it adds RNA nucleotides
Transcription
occurs in the
Nucleus
Begins when the mRNA leaves the
nucleus and goes to the
Ribosome
tRNA decodes the mRNA 3 bases
at a time
Codon = 3 base sequence on
mRNA
Codons are complimentary to the
Anticodons on the tRNA
rRNA forms Peptide bonds
between Amino Acids to form the
Polypeptide (protein)
Translation
Translation
Amino
Acid
Anticodon
Codon
Transcribe the following DNA into mRNA
DNA: TAC – CCG – GAT – TAG – ATC
CUA - AUC
mRNA: AUG
____ - GGC
____ - ____
____ - UAG
___
Translate the above mRNA into the
correct sequence of Amino Acids using
the Codon Chart
STOP
Ile - ____
Protein: Met
____ - ____
____ - ____
Gly - Leu
DNA =
Template
1
Codons
on mRNA
3
mRNA built by
RNA polymerase
2
mRNA
goes to
ribosome
4
Amino acid
bonded to
Polypeptide
7
tRNA
carries
amino acids
5
tRNA goes to
pick up another
Amino Acid
8
tRNA Anticodon
decodes mRNA codons
6