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Chapter 10, 11, 12, 13 Review Questions Words to Know: Chapter 10 Allele Dominant Gamete Genetics Genotype Heredity Heterozygous Homozygous Phenotype Recessive Zygote Crossing over Diploid Egg Genetic recombination Haploid Homologous chromosome Meiosis Nondisjunction Sperm Sexual reproduction Chapter 11 DNA replication Double helix Codon Messenger RNA Transcription Transfer RNA Translation Frameshift mutation Point mutation Chromosomal mutation Mutagen Mutation Chapter 12 Carrier pedigree autosome codominance incomplete dominance multiple allele polygenic inheritance sex chromosome sex linked trait karyotype Chapter 13 Clone Genetic engineering Plasmid recombinant DNA Restriction Enzyme Transgenic organism vector gene therapy Human genome Gel electrophoresis Selective Breeding Chapter 10 1. What makes up our genetics? What do our genetics determine? How do you get your traits? What are the cells called that are used to pass on the genetics? What are examples in humans of these? Who researched this? What specimen did this person use and why? What are some characteristics of this specimen? DNA; your features; from your parents; genes; alleles, sex cells; Mendel; pea plants, that was what he had on hand 2. What is the difference between genotype and phenotype? What does it mean to be dominant? Genotype is the letter and phenotype is the physical trait 3. How can you determine what traits will be passed on? How does this work? By looking at the mother’s and father’s genotype 4. What is the difference between haploid and diploid? Haploid – a cell with only one of each chromosome; diploid – a cell with two of each chromosome 5. What is a homologous chromosome? Chromosome that code for the same trait 6. What is meiosis? What are the products of meiosis? Why are there two divisions and not just one as in mitosis? Meiosis is the division of a diploid cell; the products are two daughter cells; four are needed to produce a zygote 7. Describe the phases of meiosis. Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Interphase II, Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II 8. Compare and contrast mitosis with meiosis. Mitosis creates four haploid cells, and meiosis creates two identical daughter cells 9. What are some mistakes that can be made in meiosis? Non-disjunction 10. Be able to work Punnett Square Problems – both dihybrid and monohybrid a) What percentage of offspring would be expected to have short whiskers from the cross of two longwhiskered seals, one that is homozygous dominant and one that is heterozygous? b) If one parent seal is pure long-whiskered and the other is short-whiskered, what percent of offspring would have short whiskers? A) 0%, B) 0% 10. In purple people eaters, one-horn is dominant and no horns are recessive. Draw a Punnet Square showing the cross of a purple people eater that is hybrid for horns with a purple people eater that does not have horns. Summarize the genotypes & phenotypes of the possible offspring. 50% chance that the baby will have one horn 11. In dogs, there is a hereditary deafness caused by a recessive gene, “d.” A kennel owner has a male dog that she wants to use for breeding purposes if possible. The dog can hear, so the owner knows his genotype is either DD or Dd. If the dog’s genotype is Dd, the owner does not wish to use him for breeding so that the deafness gene will not be passed on. This can be tested by breeding the dog to a deaf female (dd). Draw the Punnett squares to illustrate these two possible crosses. In each case, what percentage/how many of the offspring would be expected to be hearing? deaf? How could you tell the genotype of this male dog? Also, using Punnett square(s), show how two hearing dogs could produce deaf offspring. 50%/50% for the first cross; two hearing dogs could make a deaf dog if they are both carriers 12. In humans, brown eyes (B) are dominant over blue (b). A brown-eyed man marries a blue-eyed woman and they have three children, two of whom are brown-eyed and one of whom is blue-eyed. Draw the Punnett square that illustrates this marriage. What is the man’s genotype? What are the genotypes of the children? The boys will have blue eyes, and the girls will have brown eyes Chapter 11 1. What does DNA Stand for? What is DNA used for? Deoxyribonucleic acid; used to make RNA 2. What does DNA look like? What are the subunits called? What is each subunit made of? (Give details) Show a sample drawing. A ladder; nucleotides; phosphate, sugar, A/T/C/G 3. Which nitrogen bases pair with each other? AT, TA CG, GC, AU 4. What is important about the way the letters are arranged? They must be in a certain order to produce the correct protein 5. How is DNA Replicated? What makes this a semi-conservative process? Hydrogen bonds unzip, and free nucleotides enter; on each new strand, you have a side that’s old, and a side that’s new 6. What are the two processes called that makes protein from DNA? Transcription, translation 7. What is RNA? What does it do? What are some examples of RNA that we will use? What does the tRNA carry to the ribosome? What does the mRNA carry to the ribosome? Ribonucleic acid; makes protein; tRNA and mRNA; amino acids; codons 8. Draw a molecule of DNA with the template strand being the following sequence on the back of the page: ATGC 9. Describe transcription. What RNA molecule is used? Where does this happen? Why does this have to happen? Draw pictures. The making of mRNA; happens in the nucleus 10. Describe translation. What RNA molecules are used? Where does this happen? Why does this have to happen? Draw pictures. Happens in the ribosome 11. What is the relationship between amino acids and proteins? Amino acids are the monomer of a protein 12. What are two examples of mutations? Why is it important to know where the mutation is occurring in? What are mutations caused by? Point and frameshift; to know how to be able to correct it; they’re caused by mess-ups in the pairing of the nitrogen bases Chapter 12. 1. All heredity isn’t as simple as the laws Mendel came up with. For the following examples, explain what they are, why they are different, and give an example of an organism with this type of heredity. a. Codominance Red + white = red with white spots b. Incomplete dominance Red + white = pink c. Multiple Alleles Blood type d. Polygenic Hair color, eye color, height, etc. 2. How can we track the genetics of a family to predict the future of the offspring? Pedigree 3. What makes sex linked heredity different from heredity on the autosomal chromosomes? Give examples of sex linked diseases. Carried on the X chromosome, and cannot be carried on the Y chromosome; sickle cell disease 4. How are recessive disorders passed down? Give some examples of recessive disorders in humans. One parent is homozygous recessive, and the other is a carrier of the disorder Tay Sachs 5. How are dominant disorders passed down? Give some examples of dominant disorders in humans. Huntington’s disease 6. If a green frog and a white frog mated and produced a frog with green and white spots, what type of inheritance pattern is this? Codominance 7. If a red flower and a white flower mated and produced a pink flower, what type of inheritance pattern is this? Incomplete dominance 8. What % of offspring will be pink from a cross between two pink flowers? (The pattern of inheritance for this problem is incomplete dominance) 50% 9. Two AB parents produced a child. What % of these children will be AB? What percentage of these children will be O? 10. What does sex linked mean? Disease/disorder carried on the X chromosome; cannot be carried by the Y 11. What are all of the cells in your body besides the sex cell called? Somatic cells 12. If a male with red/green color blindness marries a woman who is heterozygous for normal vision, what are their chances of producing a son who is color blind? What are their chances of producing a daughter who is color blind? 25%; 50% 13. What is the difference between polygenic inheritance and multiple alleles? Multiple alleles – more than two alleles for each gene; polygenic inheritance – inheritance of a phenotype characteristic 14. Tell whether the following diseases are and how to recognize it. Diseases to know what it is and if it is recessive, dominant, sex linked, or nondisjunction: Tay Sachs; recessive, Cystic fibrosis; recessive, Hemophelia; sex-linked, PKU; recessive, Red Green Color Blindness; sex-linked, Sickle cell Anemia; sex-linked, Down’s syndrome; nondisjunction, and Huntington’s disease; dominant Chapter 13 1. What is selective breeding and what are the effects of it? Breeding organisms to where they consistently show a desired trait; increased frequency of desired alleles in a population 2. What is genetic engineering? What are transgenic organisms? How do scientists change the DNA of the organisms? Faster and more reliable method for increasing the frequency of a specific allele in a population; plants and animals that contain functional recombinant DNA from an organism of a different genus; cutting DNA from one organism into small fragments and inserting the fragments into a host organism of the same or different species 3. What is cloning? How is it performed? Making genetically identical copies; 4. What is Gel electrophoresis? What do scientists use this for? How does it work? A technique for separating protein molecules of varying sizes in a mixture; for determining who has committed a crime; moving protein molecules through a block of gel by means of an electric field, with smaller molecules moving faster and therefore farther than larger ones 5. Compare and contrast the positive and negative effects of genetic engineering. Helps fight off certain diseases; you’re not getting the same quality 6. Describe what gene Therapy is and how it works. The insertion of normal genes into human cells to correct genetic disorders; 7. What was the goal of the human genome project? To know where genes are located and where mutations occur