Download Chapter 10, 11, 12, 13 Review Questions

Chapter 10, 11, 12, 13 Review Questions
Words to Know:
Chapter 10
Allele
Dominant
Gamete
Genetics
Genotype
Heredity
Heterozygous
Homozygous
Phenotype
Recessive
Zygote
Crossing over
Diploid
Egg
Genetic recombination
Haploid
Homologous chromosome
Meiosis
Nondisjunction
Sperm
Sexual reproduction
Chapter 11
DNA replication
Double helix
Codon
Messenger RNA
Transcription
Transfer RNA
Translation
Frameshift mutation
Point mutation
Chromosomal
mutation
Mutagen
Mutation
Chapter 12
Carrier
pedigree
autosome
codominance
incomplete dominance
multiple allele
polygenic inheritance
sex chromosome
sex linked trait
karyotype
Chapter 13
Clone
Genetic engineering
Plasmid
recombinant DNA
Restriction Enzyme
Transgenic organism
vector
gene therapy
Human genome
Gel electrophoresis
Selective Breeding
Chapter 10
1. What makes up our genetics? What do our genetics determine? How do you get your traits? What are
the cells called that are used to pass on the genetics? What are examples in humans of these? Who
researched this? What specimen did this person use and why? What are some characteristics of this
specimen?
DNA; your features; from your parents; genes; alleles, sex cells; Mendel; pea plants, that was
what he had on hand
2. What is the difference between genotype and phenotype? What does it mean to be dominant?
Genotype is the letter and phenotype is the physical trait
3. How can you determine what traits will be passed on? How does this work?
By looking at the mother’s and father’s genotype
4. What is the difference between haploid and diploid?
Haploid – a cell with only one of each chromosome; diploid – a cell with two of each
chromosome
5. What is a homologous chromosome?
Chromosome that code for the same trait
6. What is meiosis? What are the products of meiosis? Why are there two divisions and not just one as in
mitosis?
Meiosis is the division of a diploid cell; the products are two daughter cells; four are needed to
produce a zygote
7. Describe the phases of meiosis.
Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Interphase II, Prophase II,
Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II
8. Compare and contrast mitosis with meiosis.
Mitosis creates four haploid cells, and meiosis creates two identical daughter cells
9. What are some mistakes that can be made in meiosis?
Non-disjunction
10. Be able to work Punnett Square Problems – both dihybrid and monohybrid
a) What percentage of offspring would be expected to have short whiskers from the cross of two longwhiskered seals, one that is homozygous dominant and one that is heterozygous?
b) If one parent seal is pure long-whiskered and the other is short-whiskered, what percent of offspring
would have short whiskers?
A) 0%, B) 0%
10. In purple people eaters, one-horn is dominant and no horns are recessive. Draw a Punnet Square
showing the cross of a purple people eater that is hybrid for horns with a purple people eater that does not
have horns. Summarize the genotypes & phenotypes of the possible offspring.
50% chance that the baby will have one horn
11. In dogs, there is a hereditary deafness caused by a recessive gene, “d.” A kennel owner has a male dog
that she wants to use for breeding purposes if possible. The dog can hear, so the owner knows his genotype
is either DD or Dd. If the dog’s genotype is Dd, the owner does not wish to use him for breeding so that the
deafness gene will not be passed on. This can be tested by breeding the dog to a deaf female (dd). Draw the
Punnett squares to illustrate these two possible crosses. In each case, what percentage/how many of the
offspring would be expected to be hearing? deaf? How could you tell the genotype of this male dog? Also,
using Punnett square(s), show how two hearing dogs could produce deaf offspring.
50%/50% for the first cross; two hearing dogs could make a deaf dog if they are both carriers
12. In humans, brown eyes (B) are dominant over blue (b). A brown-eyed man marries a blue-eyed woman
and they have three children, two of whom are brown-eyed and one of whom is blue-eyed. Draw the
Punnett square that illustrates this marriage. What is the man’s genotype? What are the genotypes of the
children?
The boys will have blue eyes, and the girls will have brown eyes
Chapter 11
1. What does DNA Stand for? What is DNA used for?
Deoxyribonucleic acid; used to make RNA
2. What does DNA look like? What are the subunits called? What is each subunit made of? (Give details)
Show a sample drawing.
A ladder; nucleotides; phosphate, sugar, A/T/C/G
3. Which nitrogen bases pair with each other?
AT, TA CG, GC, AU
4. What is important about the way the letters are arranged?
They must be in a certain order to produce the correct protein
5. How is DNA Replicated? What makes this a semi-conservative process?
Hydrogen bonds unzip, and free nucleotides enter; on each new strand, you have a side that’s
old, and a side that’s new
6. What are the two processes called that makes protein from DNA?
Transcription, translation
7. What is RNA? What does it do? What are some examples of RNA that we will use? What does the
tRNA carry to the ribosome? What does the mRNA carry to the ribosome?
Ribonucleic acid; makes protein; tRNA and mRNA; amino acids; codons
8. Draw a molecule of DNA with the template strand being the following sequence on the back of the
page: ATGC
9. Describe transcription. What RNA molecule is used? Where does this happen? Why does this have to
happen? Draw pictures.
The making of mRNA; happens in the nucleus
10. Describe translation. What RNA molecules are used? Where does this happen? Why does this have to
happen? Draw pictures.
Happens in the ribosome
11. What is the relationship between amino acids and proteins?
Amino acids are the monomer of a protein
12. What are two examples of mutations? Why is it important to know where the mutation is occurring in?
What are mutations caused by?
Point and frameshift; to know how to be able to correct it; they’re caused by mess-ups in the
pairing of the nitrogen bases
Chapter 12.
1. All heredity isn’t as simple as the laws Mendel came up with. For the following examples, explain what
they are, why they are different, and give an example of an organism with this type of heredity.
a. Codominance
Red + white = red with white spots
b. Incomplete dominance
Red + white = pink
c. Multiple Alleles
Blood type
d. Polygenic
Hair color, eye color, height, etc.
2. How can we track the genetics of a family to predict the future of the offspring?
Pedigree
3. What makes sex linked heredity different from heredity on the autosomal chromosomes? Give examples
of sex linked diseases.
Carried on the X chromosome, and cannot be carried on the Y chromosome; sickle cell
disease
4. How are recessive disorders passed down? Give some examples of recessive disorders in humans.
One parent is homozygous recessive, and the other is a carrier of the disorder Tay Sachs
5. How are dominant disorders passed down? Give some examples of dominant disorders in humans.
Huntington’s disease
6. If a green frog and a white frog mated and produced a frog with green and white spots, what type of
inheritance pattern is this?
Codominance
7. If a red flower and a white flower mated and produced a pink flower, what type of inheritance pattern is
this?
Incomplete dominance
8. What % of offspring will be pink from a cross between two pink flowers? (The pattern of inheritance for
this problem is incomplete dominance)
50%
9. Two AB parents produced a child. What % of these children will be AB? What percentage of these
children will be O?
10. What does sex linked mean?
Disease/disorder carried on the X chromosome; cannot be carried by the Y
11. What are all of the cells in your body besides the sex cell called?
Somatic cells
12. If a male with red/green color blindness marries a woman who is heterozygous for normal vision, what
are their chances of producing a son who is color blind? What are their chances of producing a daughter
who is color blind?
25%; 50%
13. What is the difference between polygenic inheritance and multiple alleles?
Multiple alleles – more than two alleles for each gene; polygenic inheritance – inheritance of a
phenotype characteristic
14. Tell whether the following diseases are and how to recognize it. Diseases to know what it is and if it is
recessive, dominant, sex linked, or nondisjunction: Tay Sachs; recessive, Cystic fibrosis; recessive,
Hemophelia; sex-linked, PKU; recessive, Red Green Color Blindness; sex-linked, Sickle cell Anemia;
sex-linked, Down’s syndrome; nondisjunction, and Huntington’s disease; dominant
Chapter 13
1. What is selective breeding and what are the effects of it?
Breeding organisms to where they consistently show a desired trait; increased frequency of
desired alleles in a population
2. What is genetic engineering? What are transgenic organisms? How do scientists change the DNA of the
organisms?
Faster and more reliable method for increasing the frequency of a specific allele in a
population; plants and animals that contain functional recombinant DNA from an organism of a
different genus; cutting DNA from one organism into small fragments and inserting the fragments
into a host organism of the same or different species
3. What is cloning? How is it performed?
Making genetically identical copies;
4. What is Gel electrophoresis? What do scientists use this for? How does it work?
A technique for separating protein molecules of varying sizes in a mixture; for determining
who has committed a crime; moving protein molecules through a block of gel by means of an electric
field, with smaller molecules moving faster and therefore farther than larger ones
5. Compare and contrast the positive and negative effects of genetic engineering.
Helps fight off certain diseases; you’re not getting the same quality
6. Describe what gene Therapy is and how it works.
The insertion of normal genes into human cells to correct genetic disorders;
7. What was the goal of the human genome project?
To know where genes are located and where mutations occur