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Genetics Primer Who is Gregor Mendel? O The father of “modern genetics” O First studied inheritance patterns using garden pea plants O He observed that traits were inherited as separate units. O His work formed the foundation for the era of modern genetics, the study of the function and behavior of genes. Genes O The basic units of heredity. O Every living organism carries a set of genes inside its cells. O Biochemical information that is transmitted from generation to generation by DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). O Our genes are the genetically unique blueprint that makes us who we are. O The color of a flower, your pet’s coat pattern, the ability to have musical talent O Only identical twins have genes that are exactly the same! Who are geneticists? O Scientists who study genes and their variations. O Their goal is to: understand how information is encoded in genes and how it is transmitted from one generation to the next. O They also study how disease may be caused and how to manipulate genes (genetic engineering) Why is Genetics Important? Current issues O Cloning O Treating disease with stem cell and gene therapy O Conducting genetic testing for human disease O Understanding products with risk-vs.-benefit controversies ( UV rays, radiation, food additives, agricultural chemicals) Currently, O Scientists are creating genetic maps, a process to chart position of known genes and other markers relative to each other. O Now using genetic engineering techniques they are mapping the genomes of many species. O Genome- the whole hereditary information of an organism that is encoded in the DNA or an organism O Why: understand disease, appropriate treatment plans, design of medication Mendel’s Rules: A Pattern of Inheritance O Genotype: combination of genes that code for a trait O Phenotype: describes the physical manifestation of that trait O 1. that the inheritance of each trait is determined by genes that are passed on to descendants unchanged O 2. that an individual inherits one such unit from each parent for each trait O 3. that a trait may not show up in an individual but can still be passed on to the next generation. Exceptions to Mendel’s Rule 1. Incomplete dominance: the inheritance of a dominant and recessive trait results in a blending 2. Quantitative inheritance: Multiple genes control the trait ( ex. Skin color) 3. Multiple genes: Certain traits are controlled by multiple genes that have complex rules of dominance 4. Gene linkage: When certain genes occur close together on the same chromosome, they can act as one prior to dividing in development 5. Sex-linked traits: Because the sex chromosomes differ from a male and female different traits may be carried ( Hemophilia, color blindness)