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Name:_________________________ Date:_________________________________ Grade 11 Biology- Review and More Cells Extracellular fluid- watery environment outside the cell Cytosol- aqueous solution inside a cell in which cell organelles are suspended Membranes- consists of a bilayer (double layer) of fat (lipid) molecules called phospholipids, proteins and carbohydrates. Parts of the membrane always move; fluid. Hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic head. Nucleus- the control center of the cell. Protected by the nuclear envelope. Filled with a fluid material called the nucleoplasm. Ribosomes- an organelle used to make proteins. Free-floating make proteins for use inside the cell and membrane attached make proteins for outside the cell. Endoplasmic reticulum- complicated system of membranous tubes. Rough ER has ribosomes and so is the site of protein production. Smooth ER is where fats are produced. Products packaged into vesicles and shipped. Golgi Apparatus- chemically changes fats and proteins shipped by the Endoplasmic reticulum. They are then repackaged and shipped to where they need to be used. Lysosomes- break molecules down to their chemical components, digest food, break down old organelles, destroy an old cell and destroy bacteria and viruses. Mitochondria- A cells energy factory. Contribute to cellular respiration. Interior fluid called the matrix. Plant cell Exclusive (plants contain the above mentioned) Plastid- store material or perform necessary function. E.g. chloroplasts are responsible for photosynthesis Vacuoles- water filled sac containing dissolved sugars, minerals and proteins. Keeps the cell membrane pressed firmly against the cell wall keeping it rigid. How flaccid or rigid the cell wall is depends on how firmly the vacuole presses against the wall, called turgor pressure. Ms. Petrauskas Name:_________________________ Date:_________________________________ Differences between plant and animal cells The cell wall is only found in plants Chloroplasts are only found in plants There is a large central vacuole in plants. Animal cells have smaller vacuoles Some animal cell contain hemoglobin Animal cells have centrioles which are paired structures that help with cell division Animal cell store energy as glycogen or lipids whereas plant cells store energy as starch or oils “cornstarch/canola oil” Function of a cell membrane Cell membrane regulates what enters and leaves the cell. The cell membrane allows nutrients and compounds needed for cellular functions into the cell, and wastes from cellular functions out of the cell. Separates contents of cell from the extracellular fluid Characteristics of Living things Living things are made of cells. Living things obtain and use energy. Living things grow and develop. Living things reproduce. Living things respond to their environment. Living things adapt to their environment. Chemistry Molecule- an electrically neutral group of at least two atoms in a definite arrangement made of 1 type of atom E.g. Oxygen O2 Compound- a group of at least two atoms in a definite arrangement made of 2 or more types of atoms E.G. water or carbon dioxide Chemical bonds Ionic- The attraction between negative and positive ions in an ionic compound E.g. NaCl Covalent- when two atoms share electrons. Non-polar; equal sharing, Polar; unequal sharing E.g. water and nitrogen Hydrogen bonds- is the force of attraction between highly polar molecules containing combinations of oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen atoms. Weak individually, strong in numbers Biological Chemistry Organic Compound: over 96% carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen Chains or rings of organic compounds Clusters of functional groups Ms. Petrauskas Name:_________________________ Date:_________________________________ Biological compounds Called macromolecules because they are so large Carbohydrate- Is a molecule containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Primarily used for energy Monosaccharide- simplest sugar molecule (single unit) E.g. glucose Disaccharide – 2 monosaccharides linked together Polysaccharide- a complex carbohydrate composed of long chains of monosaccharides Cellulose- glucose polymer found in plant cell walls ( fiber/roughage, not digested by humans, attracts water) Chitin- a modified form of cellulose that forms the exoskeleton of insects, fungi and crustaceans Lipid- molecules made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, but mostly hygdrogen. Energy storage found in adipose tissue. Oils and fats- made of triglycerides (glycerol and 3 fatty acids) Saturated fat- contain fatty acids with only single covalent bonds Unsaturated fat- contain fatty acids with double bonds between carbon atoms Wax- used for waterproofing Phospholipid- like triglycerides but with a phosphate group Proteins Most diverse molecule in living organisms Un-branched polymers of amino acids Nucleic Acids Store information like how and when to make proteins, hair colour and eye colour Subunits called nucleotides made up of: A five carbon sugar (ribose;RNA and deoxyribose DNA, A phosphate group and a Nitrogen containing component called a nitrogenous base 4 nitrogenous bases Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C) 2 different types of nucleic acids RNA – ribonucleic acid and DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid DNA is made of two long strands wound together in a double helix pattern Nitrogenous bases pair in the middle ( H-bond) Ms. Petrauskas