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Grade 11 Biology- Review and More
Cells
Extracellular fluid- watery environment outside the cell
Cytosol- aqueous solution inside a cell in which cell organelles are suspended
Membranes- consists of a bilayer (double layer) of fat (lipid) molecules called phospholipids, proteins and
carbohydrates. Parts of the membrane always move; fluid. Hydrophobic tails and hydrophilic head.
Nucleus- the control center of the cell. Protected by the nuclear envelope. Filled with a fluid material called the
nucleoplasm.
Ribosomes- an organelle used to make proteins. Free-floating make proteins for use inside the cell and
membrane attached make proteins for outside the cell.
Endoplasmic reticulum- complicated system of membranous tubes. Rough ER has ribosomes and so is the site of
protein production. Smooth ER is where fats are produced. Products packaged into vesicles and shipped.
Golgi Apparatus- chemically changes fats and proteins shipped by the Endoplasmic reticulum. They are then
repackaged and shipped to where they need to be used.
Lysosomes- break molecules down to their chemical components, digest food, break down old organelles,
destroy an old cell and destroy bacteria and viruses.
Mitochondria- A cells energy factory. Contribute to cellular respiration. Interior fluid called the matrix.
Plant cell Exclusive (plants contain the above mentioned)
Plastid- store material or perform necessary function. E.g. chloroplasts are responsible for photosynthesis
Vacuoles- water filled sac containing dissolved sugars, minerals and proteins. Keeps the cell membrane pressed
firmly against the cell wall keeping it rigid. How flaccid or rigid the cell wall is depends on how firmly the vacuole
presses against the wall, called turgor pressure.
Ms. Petrauskas
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Differences between plant and animal cells
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The cell wall is only found in plants
Chloroplasts are only found in plants
There is a large central vacuole in plants. Animal cells have smaller vacuoles
Some animal cell contain hemoglobin
Animal cells have centrioles which are paired structures that help with cell division
Animal cell store energy as glycogen or lipids whereas plant cells store energy as starch or oils
“cornstarch/canola oil”
Function of a cell membrane
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Cell membrane regulates what enters and leaves the cell.
The cell membrane allows nutrients and compounds needed for cellular functions into the cell, and
wastes from cellular functions out of the cell.
Separates contents of cell from the extracellular fluid
Characteristics of Living things
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Living things are made of cells.
Living things obtain and use energy.
Living things grow and develop.
Living things reproduce.
Living things respond to their environment.
Living things adapt to their environment.
Chemistry
Molecule- an electrically neutral group of at least two atoms in a definite arrangement made of 1 type of atom
E.g. Oxygen O2
Compound- a group of at least two atoms in a definite arrangement made of 2 or more types of atoms E.G.
water or carbon dioxide
Chemical bonds
Ionic- The attraction between negative and positive ions in an ionic compound E.g. NaCl
Covalent- when two atoms share electrons. Non-polar; equal sharing, Polar; unequal sharing E.g. water and
nitrogen
Hydrogen bonds- is the force of attraction between highly polar molecules containing combinations of oxygen,
hydrogen and nitrogen atoms. Weak individually, strong in numbers
Biological Chemistry
Organic Compound: over 96% carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen
Chains or rings of organic compounds
Clusters of functional groups
Ms. Petrauskas
Name:_________________________
Date:_________________________________
Biological compounds
Called macromolecules because they are so large
Carbohydrate- Is a molecule containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Primarily used for energy
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Monosaccharide- simplest sugar molecule (single unit) E.g. glucose
Disaccharide – 2 monosaccharides linked together
Polysaccharide- a complex carbohydrate composed of long chains of monosaccharides
Cellulose- glucose polymer found in plant cell walls ( fiber/roughage, not digested by humans,
attracts water)
Chitin- a modified form of cellulose that forms the exoskeleton of insects, fungi and crustaceans
Lipid- molecules made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, but mostly hygdrogen. Energy storage found in
adipose tissue.
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Oils and fats- made of triglycerides (glycerol and 3 fatty acids)
Saturated fat- contain fatty acids with only single covalent bonds
Unsaturated fat- contain fatty acids with double bonds between carbon atoms
Wax- used for waterproofing
Phospholipid- like triglycerides but with a phosphate group
Proteins
Most diverse molecule in living organisms
Un-branched polymers of amino acids
Nucleic Acids
Store information like how and when to make proteins, hair colour and eye colour
Subunits called nucleotides made up of:
A five carbon sugar (ribose;RNA and deoxyribose DNA, A phosphate group and a Nitrogen containing component
called a nitrogenous base
4 nitrogenous bases
Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C)
2 different types of nucleic acids
RNA – ribonucleic acid and DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid
DNA is made of two long strands wound together in a double helix pattern
Nitrogenous bases pair in the middle ( H-bond)
Ms. Petrauskas