Download HONORS BIOLOGY FINAL EXAM REVIEW PACKET AND FORMAT

HONORS BIOLOGY
FINAL EXAM REVIEW PACKET
AND FORMAT
 123 MULTIPLE CHOICE
(INCLUDING THE FOLLOWING DIAGRAMS:
CELLS, TRANSCRIPTION, TRANSLATION,
MEIOSIS, BLOOD TYPES, PEDIGREES, BIOME
CHART, CIRCULATORY SYSTEMS, THE HEART)
 3 SHORT ANSWER RESPONSE
(SEE LAST PAGE FOR TOPICS)
 CHOOSE 1 OF 2 QUESTIONS3 PTS.
 CHOOSE 1 OF 2 QUESTIONS4 PTS.
 GENETICS PROBLEM5 PTS.
TOTAL POINTS POSSIBLE135
CHAPTER 5
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
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GLYCOLYSIS OCCURS IN THE CYTOPLASM
THE KREBS CYCLE OCCURS IN THE MATRIX OF THE MITOCHONDRIA
NADH AND FADH2 ARE HYDROGEN CARRIERS FOR ATP SYNTHESIS
AND ARE FORMED IN THE KREBS CYCLE
NADH IS THE HYDROGEN CARRIER DURING GLYCOLYSIS
1 NADH=3 ATP
1 FADH2=2 ATP
PAIN AND CRAMPS IN OXYGEN-STARVED MUSCLES ARE CAUSED BY
LACTIC ACID BUILDUP
CHAPTER 6
CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
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THE ELECTRON MICROSCOPE SHOWS THE GREATEST DETAILS OF
CELLS
MITOCHONDRIA-A STRUCTURE THAT PRODUCES CELLULAR ENERGY
RIBOSOMES-STRUCTURES RESPONSIBLE FOR PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
LYSOSOMES-CONTAINS ENZYMES USED FOR CELLULAR DIGESTION
NUCLEIOD AREA-STRUCTURE FOUND ONLY IN PROKARYOTIC CELLS
VANLEEUWENHOEK-DISCOVERED MICROORGANISMS
CELL WALLS-IN PLANT CELLS, NOT IN ANIMAL CELLS
CHLOROPLASTS-TRAP LIGHT ENERGY AND CHANGE IT INTO
CHEMICAL ENERGY
NUCLEUS-INVOLVED IN CELL REPRODUCTION
CHAPTER 18
DIVERSITY AND VARIATION
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VARIATIONS ARE GENETIC DIFFERENCES BETWEEN RELATED
INDIVIDUALS WITHIN A SPECIES
MEMBERS OF THE SAME SPECIES PRODUCE FERTILE OFFSPRING IF
MATED
TAXONOMY DEALS WITH CLASSIFYING ORGANISMS
POLYMORPHISM DESCRIBES THE PHYSICAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
MALE AND FEMALE MAMMALS
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GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION OCCURS WHEN A SPECIES OCCUPIES A
LARGE RANGE THAT INCLUDES DISTINCT LOCAL ENVIRONMENTS
HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES SHOW RELATED ANCESTRY
IN THE FIVE KINGDOM CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM, PROKARYOTES
MAKE UP THEIR OWN KINGDOM (MONERA)
ALL BACTERIA ARE MONERANS AND MAY BE BROKEN DOWN INTO
TWO MAIN GROUPS, EUBACTERIA AND ARCHAEA
THE LINNEAN SYSTEMKINGDOM, PHYLUM, CLASS, ORDER, FAMILY,
GENUS, SPECIES
CHAPTER 8
THE CELL CYCLE
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THE CELL CYCLE IS SERIES OF STAGES INVOLVING DNA REPLICATION
AND CELL DIVISION
THE CELL CYCLE RESULTS IN 2 DAUGHTER CELLS
THE CELL CYCLE PHASES ARE G1, S, G2, M(MITOSIS) AND CYTOKINESIS
G1 AND G2-GROWTH, PROTEIN SYNTHESIS, RNA AND
MACROMOLECULE PRODUCTION
S-DNA IS REPLICATED
M-SORTING AND DISTRIBUTION OF CHROMOSOMES
CYTOKINESIS-A DIVISION OF THE CELL
G0-A STOPPING POINT IN G1
DNA REPLICATIONOCCURS AT REPLICATION FORKS, USES DNA
POLYMERASE WHICH CAN ONLY WORK IN ONE DIRECTION,
NITROGEN BASES ARE ADDED AT REPLICATION FORKS, ERRORS CAN
BE CORRECTED USING DNA LIGASE AND PROOFREADER ENZYMES, THE
DNA STRAND IS NOT DISSEMBLED WHEN CORRECTING FOR ERRORS
MDOUBLE CHROMOSOMES ARE EACH CHROMATIDS HELD TOGETHER
BY A CENTROMERE, CHROMOSOMES CAN BE EASILY RECOGNIZED AND
COUNTED, AFTER THIS PHASE THE DAUGHTER CELLS CONTAIN THE
SAME NUMBER OF CHROMOSOMES AS THE PARENT CELL
M PHASESPROPHASENUCLEAR MEMBRANE BREAKS DOWN
METAPHASECHROMATIDS LINE UP ALONG EQUATOR
ANAPHASESISTER CHROMATIDS SEPARATE
TELOPHASENUCLEAR MEMBRANE REAPPEARS
CYTOKINESISDIVISION OF CELLS AFTER MITOSIS
CHAPTER 9
EXPRESSING GENETIC INFORMATION
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FUNCTION OF tRNA IS TO TRANSPORT AMINO ACIDS TO mRNA
THE SEQUENCE OF RNA IS DETERMINED BY THE BASE SEQUENCE OF
THE ORIGINAL DNA TEMPLATE STRAND
URACIL IS FOUND IN RNA BUT NOT IN DNA
mRNA CARRIES A SPECIFIC GENETIC CODE FROM THE NUCLEUS TO
THE RIBOSOMES
tRNA CARRIES AMINO ACIDS TO THE RIBOSOMES
THREE NUCLEOTIDES CODE FOR AN AMINO ACID (CODON)
RIBOSOMES PROVIDE A PLACE FOR THE mRNA TO ATTACH
RNA POLYMERASE IS AN ENZYME THAT UNZIPS THE DNA DOUBLE
HELIX AND PUTS THE mRNA NUCLEOTIDES IN SEQUENCE
THE DNA SEQUENCE TTTCCGGCA BECOMES THE RNA SEQUENCE
AAAGGCCGU
THE SEQUENCE OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IS
DNAmRNAtRNAPOLYPEPTIDE
CHAPTER 12
CELLULAR REPRODUCTION
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GAMETE FORMATIONCHROMOSOME NUMBER GOES FROM DIPLOID
TO HAPLOID
FERTILIZATIONCHROMOSOME NUMBER GOES FROM HAPLOID TO
DIPLOID
PAIRED CHROMOSOMES ARE REFERRED TO AS HOMOLOGOUS
CHROMOSOMES
CROSSING OVER ENSURES THAT PATERNAL AND MATERNAL GENES
ARE MIXED IN EACH HOMOLOGOUS PAIR
PHASES OF MEIOSISPROPHASE I, METAPHASE I, ANAPHASE I,
TELOPHASE I, PROPHASE II, METAPHASE II, ANAPHASE II,
TELOPHASE II
PROPHASE IHOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES PAIR AND CROSS OVER
ANAPHASE IHOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES MIGRATE TO OPPOSITE
POLES
IF A NORMAL BODY CELL HAS 24 CHROMOSOMES, THE GAMETES
WOULD CONTAIN 12 CHROMOSOMES
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SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IS THE PROCESS BY WHICH NUCLEI OF TWO
SEPARATE CELLS FUSE INTO ONE
SYNAPSIS OF HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES OCCURS IN MEIOSIS
BUT NOT IN MITOSIS
IN BEES, DEVELOPMENT OF AN UNFERTILIZED EGG INTO A DRONE IS
AN EXAMPLE OF PARTHOGENESIS
SPERMATOGENESIS RESULTS IN 4 HAPLOID SPERM
OOGENESIS RESULTS IN 1 EGG AND 3 POLAR BODIES
GENETICS
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ALLELEONE MEMBER OF A GENE PAIR
TERMSGENOTYPE, PHENOTYPE, HOMOZYGOUS (PURE),
HETEROZYGOUS (HYBRID), RECESSIVE, PARENT (P), OFFSPRING
(F1, F2), PUNNETT SQUARES
BE ABLE TO SOLVE GENETICS PROBLEMS RELATED TO ONE TRAIT,
TWO TRAIT, INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE, CODOMINANCE (BLOOD
TYPE), SEX-LINKED TRAITS
PEDIGREESRECESSIVE, SEX-LINKED RECESSIVE
MENDEL’S LAW OF SEGREGATIONSEPARATION OF ALLELES FOR A
PARTICULAR TRAIT DURING GAMETE FORMATION
A CHILD’S GENDER IS DETERMINED BY THE FATHER
PROBABILITYIF A COIN LANDS HEADS UP SIX TIMES STRAIGHT
THE PROBABILITY IT WILL LAND HEADS UP ON THE SEVENTH TOSS
IS STILL 50%; IF A COIN IS TOSSED 3 TIMES, THE PROBABILITY
THAT IT WILL LAND HEADS UP ALL THREE TIMES IS 1/8.
KNOW MONOHYBRID (ONE TRAIT)/DIHYBRID (TWO TRAIT) CROSSES
CHAPTERS 24-25
ECOSYSTEM STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
CHANGE IN ECOSYSTEMS
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IN TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENTS, PLANTS ARE NOT LIMITED BY
SUNLIGHT
KNOW EXAMPLES AND DEFINITIONS OF PARASITISM, MUTUALISM
AND COMMENSALISM
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THE NITROGEN CYCLEBACTERIA ARE ENGAGED IN NITRIFICATION
AND DENITRIFICATION, BACTERIA ARE CAPABLE OF NITROGEN
FIXATION, PLANTS REQUIRE AMMONIA OR NITRATES FOR THEIR
METABOLISM
THE CARBON CYCLEAUTOTROPHS ARE CAPABLE OF FIXING CARBON
PRODUCERS ARE THE MOST LIKELY TO INCREASE IN POPULATION
SIZE, HAVE THE ABILITY TO CHANGE LIGHT ENERGY INTO CHEMICAL
ENERGY
PRIMARY CONSUMERS ARE ALSO CALLED HERBIVORES AND ONLY EAT
AUTOTROPHS
SECONDARY CONSUMERS ARE ALSO CALLED CARNIVORES
DECOMPOSERS DIGEST DEAD PLANT AND ANIMAL TISSUE
OMNIVORES ARE USUALLY PRIMARY OR SECONDARY CONSUMERS
BIOMES ARE NAMED ACCORDING TO THE DOMINANT PLANT FORMS
 SAVANNAHHAVE THE LARGEST HERBIVORES
 TUNDRAFOUND ABOVE TREE LINE ON A MOUNTAIN, LICHENS
AND MOSSES ARE DOMINANT PRODUCERS
 CHAPPARALREQUIRE PERIODIC FIRES
 TEMPERATE GRASSLANDSMOST SUITED FOR AGRICULTURE
(NOT FOUND IN SAME AREA AS TEMPERATE FORESTS BECAUSE OF
DIFFERENCES IN ANNUAL PRECIPITATION)
AQUATIC BIOMES
 APHOTIC ZONENO GREEN PLANTS
 ABYSSAL ZONECONSTANT DARKNESS, LOW TEMPERATURES,
HIGH WATER PRESSURE, AREA OF THE BENTHIC ZONE
 DISSOLVED OXYGEN LEVELS AFFECTED BY LIGHT INTENSITY,
AMOUNT OF PHYTOPLANKTON AND TEMPERATURE
CHAPTER 7
ANIMAL TRANSPORT
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INSECTS HAVE AN OPEN CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
LYMPH VESSELS RETURN FLUIDS AND OTHER SUBSTANCES
SURROUNDING THE CELLS TO THE BLOOD
EARTHWORMS AND HUMANS BOTH HAVE A CLOSED CIRCULATORY
SYSTEM
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PASSAGE OF BLOOD THROUGH THE HUMAN HEARTRIGHT ATRIUM,
RIGHT VENTRICLE, LUNGS, LEFT ATRIUM, LEFT VENTRICLE, BODY,
BACK TO RIGHT ATRIUM
WHITE BLOOD CELLS CARRY ON PHAGOCYTOSIS AND FIGHT
INFECTION
RED BLOOD CELLS ARE PRODUCED IN THE BONE MARROW AND USE
HEMOGLOBIN TO CARRY OXYGEN TO THE CELLS
PLATELETS CLOT BLOOD
POSSIBLE SHORT ANSWER TOPICS
(FOR 3 POINT, 4 POINT AND 5 POINT SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS)
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THE STAGES OF TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION (3)
THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN VARIATION AND DIVERSITY (3)
THE PHASES AND EVENTS OF THE CELL CYCLE (4)
THE ROLES OF DNA POLYMERASE (3)
THE PHASES AND EVENTS OF MITOSIS (4)
THE OUTCOMES OF MEIOSIS (3)
THE MARINE ZONES AND THEIR LIMITING FACTORS (4)
TERRESTRIAL BIOMES AND THEIR LIMITING FACTORS (4)
ONE GENETIC TRAIT PROBLEMS WITH A PUNNETT SQUARE (5)
BLOOD TYPING PROBLEMS WITH A PUNNETT SQUARE (5)
SEX-LINKED GENETICS PROBLEMS WITH A PUNNETT SQUARE (5)
THE DIFFERENT KINDS AND FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD CELLS (3)
LOCATION/FUNCTION OF STRUCTURES THAT KEEP BLOOD FLOWING
IN ONE DIRECTION (3)