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HONORS BIOLOGY FINAL EXAM REVIEW PACKET AND FORMAT 123 MULTIPLE CHOICE (INCLUDING THE FOLLOWING DIAGRAMS: CELLS, TRANSCRIPTION, TRANSLATION, MEIOSIS, BLOOD TYPES, PEDIGREES, BIOME CHART, CIRCULATORY SYSTEMS, THE HEART) 3 SHORT ANSWER RESPONSE (SEE LAST PAGE FOR TOPICS) CHOOSE 1 OF 2 QUESTIONS3 PTS. CHOOSE 1 OF 2 QUESTIONS4 PTS. GENETICS PROBLEM5 PTS. TOTAL POINTS POSSIBLE135 CHAPTER 5 CELLULAR RESPIRATION GLYCOLYSIS OCCURS IN THE CYTOPLASM THE KREBS CYCLE OCCURS IN THE MATRIX OF THE MITOCHONDRIA NADH AND FADH2 ARE HYDROGEN CARRIERS FOR ATP SYNTHESIS AND ARE FORMED IN THE KREBS CYCLE NADH IS THE HYDROGEN CARRIER DURING GLYCOLYSIS 1 NADH=3 ATP 1 FADH2=2 ATP PAIN AND CRAMPS IN OXYGEN-STARVED MUSCLES ARE CAUSED BY LACTIC ACID BUILDUP CHAPTER 6 CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION THE ELECTRON MICROSCOPE SHOWS THE GREATEST DETAILS OF CELLS MITOCHONDRIA-A STRUCTURE THAT PRODUCES CELLULAR ENERGY RIBOSOMES-STRUCTURES RESPONSIBLE FOR PROTEIN SYNTHESIS LYSOSOMES-CONTAINS ENZYMES USED FOR CELLULAR DIGESTION NUCLEIOD AREA-STRUCTURE FOUND ONLY IN PROKARYOTIC CELLS VANLEEUWENHOEK-DISCOVERED MICROORGANISMS CELL WALLS-IN PLANT CELLS, NOT IN ANIMAL CELLS CHLOROPLASTS-TRAP LIGHT ENERGY AND CHANGE IT INTO CHEMICAL ENERGY NUCLEUS-INVOLVED IN CELL REPRODUCTION CHAPTER 18 DIVERSITY AND VARIATION VARIATIONS ARE GENETIC DIFFERENCES BETWEEN RELATED INDIVIDUALS WITHIN A SPECIES MEMBERS OF THE SAME SPECIES PRODUCE FERTILE OFFSPRING IF MATED TAXONOMY DEALS WITH CLASSIFYING ORGANISMS POLYMORPHISM DESCRIBES THE PHYSICAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MALE AND FEMALE MAMMALS GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION OCCURS WHEN A SPECIES OCCUPIES A LARGE RANGE THAT INCLUDES DISTINCT LOCAL ENVIRONMENTS HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES SHOW RELATED ANCESTRY IN THE FIVE KINGDOM CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM, PROKARYOTES MAKE UP THEIR OWN KINGDOM (MONERA) ALL BACTERIA ARE MONERANS AND MAY BE BROKEN DOWN INTO TWO MAIN GROUPS, EUBACTERIA AND ARCHAEA THE LINNEAN SYSTEMKINGDOM, PHYLUM, CLASS, ORDER, FAMILY, GENUS, SPECIES CHAPTER 8 THE CELL CYCLE THE CELL CYCLE IS SERIES OF STAGES INVOLVING DNA REPLICATION AND CELL DIVISION THE CELL CYCLE RESULTS IN 2 DAUGHTER CELLS THE CELL CYCLE PHASES ARE G1, S, G2, M(MITOSIS) AND CYTOKINESIS G1 AND G2-GROWTH, PROTEIN SYNTHESIS, RNA AND MACROMOLECULE PRODUCTION S-DNA IS REPLICATED M-SORTING AND DISTRIBUTION OF CHROMOSOMES CYTOKINESIS-A DIVISION OF THE CELL G0-A STOPPING POINT IN G1 DNA REPLICATIONOCCURS AT REPLICATION FORKS, USES DNA POLYMERASE WHICH CAN ONLY WORK IN ONE DIRECTION, NITROGEN BASES ARE ADDED AT REPLICATION FORKS, ERRORS CAN BE CORRECTED USING DNA LIGASE AND PROOFREADER ENZYMES, THE DNA STRAND IS NOT DISSEMBLED WHEN CORRECTING FOR ERRORS MDOUBLE CHROMOSOMES ARE EACH CHROMATIDS HELD TOGETHER BY A CENTROMERE, CHROMOSOMES CAN BE EASILY RECOGNIZED AND COUNTED, AFTER THIS PHASE THE DAUGHTER CELLS CONTAIN THE SAME NUMBER OF CHROMOSOMES AS THE PARENT CELL M PHASESPROPHASENUCLEAR MEMBRANE BREAKS DOWN METAPHASECHROMATIDS LINE UP ALONG EQUATOR ANAPHASESISTER CHROMATIDS SEPARATE TELOPHASENUCLEAR MEMBRANE REAPPEARS CYTOKINESISDIVISION OF CELLS AFTER MITOSIS CHAPTER 9 EXPRESSING GENETIC INFORMATION FUNCTION OF tRNA IS TO TRANSPORT AMINO ACIDS TO mRNA THE SEQUENCE OF RNA IS DETERMINED BY THE BASE SEQUENCE OF THE ORIGINAL DNA TEMPLATE STRAND URACIL IS FOUND IN RNA BUT NOT IN DNA mRNA CARRIES A SPECIFIC GENETIC CODE FROM THE NUCLEUS TO THE RIBOSOMES tRNA CARRIES AMINO ACIDS TO THE RIBOSOMES THREE NUCLEOTIDES CODE FOR AN AMINO ACID (CODON) RIBOSOMES PROVIDE A PLACE FOR THE mRNA TO ATTACH RNA POLYMERASE IS AN ENZYME THAT UNZIPS THE DNA DOUBLE HELIX AND PUTS THE mRNA NUCLEOTIDES IN SEQUENCE THE DNA SEQUENCE TTTCCGGCA BECOMES THE RNA SEQUENCE AAAGGCCGU THE SEQUENCE OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IS DNAmRNAtRNAPOLYPEPTIDE CHAPTER 12 CELLULAR REPRODUCTION GAMETE FORMATIONCHROMOSOME NUMBER GOES FROM DIPLOID TO HAPLOID FERTILIZATIONCHROMOSOME NUMBER GOES FROM HAPLOID TO DIPLOID PAIRED CHROMOSOMES ARE REFERRED TO AS HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES CROSSING OVER ENSURES THAT PATERNAL AND MATERNAL GENES ARE MIXED IN EACH HOMOLOGOUS PAIR PHASES OF MEIOSISPROPHASE I, METAPHASE I, ANAPHASE I, TELOPHASE I, PROPHASE II, METAPHASE II, ANAPHASE II, TELOPHASE II PROPHASE IHOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES PAIR AND CROSS OVER ANAPHASE IHOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES MIGRATE TO OPPOSITE POLES IF A NORMAL BODY CELL HAS 24 CHROMOSOMES, THE GAMETES WOULD CONTAIN 12 CHROMOSOMES SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IS THE PROCESS BY WHICH NUCLEI OF TWO SEPARATE CELLS FUSE INTO ONE SYNAPSIS OF HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES OCCURS IN MEIOSIS BUT NOT IN MITOSIS IN BEES, DEVELOPMENT OF AN UNFERTILIZED EGG INTO A DRONE IS AN EXAMPLE OF PARTHOGENESIS SPERMATOGENESIS RESULTS IN 4 HAPLOID SPERM OOGENESIS RESULTS IN 1 EGG AND 3 POLAR BODIES GENETICS ALLELEONE MEMBER OF A GENE PAIR TERMSGENOTYPE, PHENOTYPE, HOMOZYGOUS (PURE), HETEROZYGOUS (HYBRID), RECESSIVE, PARENT (P), OFFSPRING (F1, F2), PUNNETT SQUARES BE ABLE TO SOLVE GENETICS PROBLEMS RELATED TO ONE TRAIT, TWO TRAIT, INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE, CODOMINANCE (BLOOD TYPE), SEX-LINKED TRAITS PEDIGREESRECESSIVE, SEX-LINKED RECESSIVE MENDEL’S LAW OF SEGREGATIONSEPARATION OF ALLELES FOR A PARTICULAR TRAIT DURING GAMETE FORMATION A CHILD’S GENDER IS DETERMINED BY THE FATHER PROBABILITYIF A COIN LANDS HEADS UP SIX TIMES STRAIGHT THE PROBABILITY IT WILL LAND HEADS UP ON THE SEVENTH TOSS IS STILL 50%; IF A COIN IS TOSSED 3 TIMES, THE PROBABILITY THAT IT WILL LAND HEADS UP ALL THREE TIMES IS 1/8. KNOW MONOHYBRID (ONE TRAIT)/DIHYBRID (TWO TRAIT) CROSSES CHAPTERS 24-25 ECOSYSTEM STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION CHANGE IN ECOSYSTEMS IN TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENTS, PLANTS ARE NOT LIMITED BY SUNLIGHT KNOW EXAMPLES AND DEFINITIONS OF PARASITISM, MUTUALISM AND COMMENSALISM THE NITROGEN CYCLEBACTERIA ARE ENGAGED IN NITRIFICATION AND DENITRIFICATION, BACTERIA ARE CAPABLE OF NITROGEN FIXATION, PLANTS REQUIRE AMMONIA OR NITRATES FOR THEIR METABOLISM THE CARBON CYCLEAUTOTROPHS ARE CAPABLE OF FIXING CARBON PRODUCERS ARE THE MOST LIKELY TO INCREASE IN POPULATION SIZE, HAVE THE ABILITY TO CHANGE LIGHT ENERGY INTO CHEMICAL ENERGY PRIMARY CONSUMERS ARE ALSO CALLED HERBIVORES AND ONLY EAT AUTOTROPHS SECONDARY CONSUMERS ARE ALSO CALLED CARNIVORES DECOMPOSERS DIGEST DEAD PLANT AND ANIMAL TISSUE OMNIVORES ARE USUALLY PRIMARY OR SECONDARY CONSUMERS BIOMES ARE NAMED ACCORDING TO THE DOMINANT PLANT FORMS SAVANNAHHAVE THE LARGEST HERBIVORES TUNDRAFOUND ABOVE TREE LINE ON A MOUNTAIN, LICHENS AND MOSSES ARE DOMINANT PRODUCERS CHAPPARALREQUIRE PERIODIC FIRES TEMPERATE GRASSLANDSMOST SUITED FOR AGRICULTURE (NOT FOUND IN SAME AREA AS TEMPERATE FORESTS BECAUSE OF DIFFERENCES IN ANNUAL PRECIPITATION) AQUATIC BIOMES APHOTIC ZONENO GREEN PLANTS ABYSSAL ZONECONSTANT DARKNESS, LOW TEMPERATURES, HIGH WATER PRESSURE, AREA OF THE BENTHIC ZONE DISSOLVED OXYGEN LEVELS AFFECTED BY LIGHT INTENSITY, AMOUNT OF PHYTOPLANKTON AND TEMPERATURE CHAPTER 7 ANIMAL TRANSPORT INSECTS HAVE AN OPEN CIRCULATORY SYSTEM LYMPH VESSELS RETURN FLUIDS AND OTHER SUBSTANCES SURROUNDING THE CELLS TO THE BLOOD EARTHWORMS AND HUMANS BOTH HAVE A CLOSED CIRCULATORY SYSTEM PASSAGE OF BLOOD THROUGH THE HUMAN HEARTRIGHT ATRIUM, RIGHT VENTRICLE, LUNGS, LEFT ATRIUM, LEFT VENTRICLE, BODY, BACK TO RIGHT ATRIUM WHITE BLOOD CELLS CARRY ON PHAGOCYTOSIS AND FIGHT INFECTION RED BLOOD CELLS ARE PRODUCED IN THE BONE MARROW AND USE HEMOGLOBIN TO CARRY OXYGEN TO THE CELLS PLATELETS CLOT BLOOD POSSIBLE SHORT ANSWER TOPICS (FOR 3 POINT, 4 POINT AND 5 POINT SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS) THE STAGES OF TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION (3) THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN VARIATION AND DIVERSITY (3) THE PHASES AND EVENTS OF THE CELL CYCLE (4) THE ROLES OF DNA POLYMERASE (3) THE PHASES AND EVENTS OF MITOSIS (4) THE OUTCOMES OF MEIOSIS (3) THE MARINE ZONES AND THEIR LIMITING FACTORS (4) TERRESTRIAL BIOMES AND THEIR LIMITING FACTORS (4) ONE GENETIC TRAIT PROBLEMS WITH A PUNNETT SQUARE (5) BLOOD TYPING PROBLEMS WITH A PUNNETT SQUARE (5) SEX-LINKED GENETICS PROBLEMS WITH A PUNNETT SQUARE (5) THE DIFFERENT KINDS AND FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD CELLS (3) LOCATION/FUNCTION OF STRUCTURES THAT KEEP BLOOD FLOWING IN ONE DIRECTION (3)